Smatry Release 4.4.1 on Feb-2024

Comparing changes: https://github.com/smarty-php/smarty/compare/v4.3.1...v4.4.1

It is noticeable that Smarty 4.3.1 does not officially support PHP 8.3. Is only supported with 4.4.0.

Remark:

During tests with Smarty 4.5.1, it was noticed that the following warning occurs:
Deprecated: Using the unregistered function "function_exists" in a template is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. Use Smarty::registerPlugin to explicitly register a custom modifier.

As of Smarty 5.X.X, templates must be revised again.
The Smarty release 5.0.2 is already officially available. However, integration into FlatPress is not entirely trivial.
This commit is contained in:
Fraenkiman 2024-04-14 18:37:39 +02:00
parent c2cca7357c
commit e544ed6d9a
460 changed files with 52825 additions and 2 deletions

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@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ define('FP_INCLUDES', 'fp-includes/');
// core include scripts
define('INCLUDES_DIR', FP_INCLUDES . 'core/');
// smarty engine
define('SMARTY_DIR', ABS_PATH . FP_INCLUDES . 'smarty-4.3.1/libs/');
define('SMARTY_DIR', ABS_PATH . FP_INCLUDES . 'smarty-4.4.1/libs/');
// FlatPress specific Smarty plugins
define('FP_SMARTYPLUGINS_DIR', ABS_PATH . FP_INCLUDES . 'fp-smartyplugins/');
@ -170,4 +170,3 @@ header('X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff');
#function _dummy() {}
#set_error_handler('_dummy');

File diff suppressed because it is too large Load Diff

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@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
Smarty: the PHP compiling template engine
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
version 3.0 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
See the GNU Lesser General Public License below for more details.
GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
Version 3, 29 June 2007
Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
This version of the GNU Lesser General Public License incorporates
the terms and conditions of version 3 of the GNU General Public
License, supplemented by the additional permissions listed below.
0. Additional Definitions.
As used herein, "this License" refers to version 3 of the GNU Lesser
General Public License, and the "GNU GPL" refers to version 3 of the GNU
General Public License.
"The Library" refers to a covered work governed by this License,
other than an Application or a Combined Work as defined below.
An "Application" is any work that makes use of an interface provided
by the Library, but which is not otherwise based on the Library.
Defining a subclass of a class defined by the Library is deemed a mode
of using an interface provided by the Library.
A "Combined Work" is a work produced by combining or linking an
Application with the Library. The particular version of the Library
with which the Combined Work was made is also called the "Linked
Version".
The "Minimal Corresponding Source" for a Combined Work means the
Corresponding Source for the Combined Work, excluding any source code
for portions of the Combined Work that, considered in isolation, are
based on the Application, and not on the Linked Version.
The "Corresponding Application Code" for a Combined Work means the
object code and/or source code for the Application, including any data
and utility programs needed for reproducing the Combined Work from the
Application, but excluding the System Libraries of the Combined Work.
1. Exception to Section 3 of the GNU GPL.
You may convey a covered work under sections 3 and 4 of this License
without being bound by section 3 of the GNU GPL.
2. Conveying Modified Versions.
If you modify a copy of the Library, and, in your modifications, a
facility refers to a function or data to be supplied by an Application
that uses the facility (other than as an argument passed when the
facility is invoked), then you may convey a copy of the modified
version:
a) under this License, provided that you make a good faith effort to
ensure that, in the event an Application does not supply the
function or data, the facility still operates, and performs
whatever part of its purpose remains meaningful, or
b) under the GNU GPL, with none of the additional permissions of
this License applicable to that copy.
3. Object Code Incorporating Material from Library Header Files.
The object code form of an Application may incorporate material from
a header file that is part of the Library. You may convey such object
code under terms of your choice, provided that, if the incorporated
material is not limited to numerical parameters, data structure
layouts and accessors, or small macros, inline functions and templates
(ten or fewer lines in length), you do both of the following:
a) Give prominent notice with each copy of the object code that the
Library is used in it and that the Library and its use are
covered by this License.
b) Accompany the object code with a copy of the GNU GPL and this license
document.
4. Combined Works.
You may convey a Combined Work under terms of your choice that,
taken together, effectively do not restrict modification of the
portions of the Library contained in the Combined Work and reverse
engineering for debugging such modifications, if you also do each of
the following:
a) Give prominent notice with each copy of the Combined Work that
the Library is used in it and that the Library and its use are
covered by this License.
b) Accompany the Combined Work with a copy of the GNU GPL and this license
document.
c) For a Combined Work that displays copyright notices during
execution, include the copyright notice for the Library among
these notices, as well as a reference directing the user to the
copies of the GNU GPL and this license document.
d) Do one of the following:
0) Convey the Minimal Corresponding Source under the terms of this
License, and the Corresponding Application Code in a form
suitable for, and under terms that permit, the user to
recombine or relink the Application with a modified version of
the Linked Version to produce a modified Combined Work, in the
manner specified by section 6 of the GNU GPL for conveying
Corresponding Source.
1) Use a suitable shared library mechanism for linking with the
Library. A suitable mechanism is one that (a) uses at run time
a copy of the Library already present on the user's computer
system, and (b) will operate properly with a modified version
of the Library that is interface-compatible with the Linked
Version.
e) Provide Installation Information, but only if you would otherwise
be required to provide such information under section 6 of the
GNU GPL, and only to the extent that such information is
necessary to install and execute a modified version of the
Combined Work produced by recombining or relinking the
Application with a modified version of the Linked Version. (If
you use option 4d0, the Installation Information must accompany
the Minimal Corresponding Source and Corresponding Application
Code. If you use option 4d1, you must provide the Installation
Information in the manner specified by section 6 of the GNU GPL
for conveying Corresponding Source.)
5. Combined Libraries.
You may place library facilities that are a work based on the
Library side by side in a single library together with other library
facilities that are not Applications and are not covered by this
License, and convey such a combined library under terms of your
choice, if you do both of the following:
a) Accompany the combined library with a copy of the same work based
on the Library, uncombined with any other library facilities,
conveyed under the terms of this License.
b) Give prominent notice with the combined library that part of it
is a work based on the Library, and explaining where to find the
accompanying uncombined form of the same work.
6. Revised Versions of the GNU Lesser General Public License.
The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
of the GNU Lesser General Public License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the
Library as you received it specifies that a certain numbered version
of the GNU Lesser General Public License "or any later version"
applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and
conditions either of that published version or of any later version
published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Library as you
received it does not specify a version number of the GNU Lesser
General Public License, you may choose any version of the GNU Lesser
General Public License ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
If the Library as you received it specifies that a proxy can decide
whether future versions of the GNU Lesser General Public License shall
apply, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of any version is
permanent authorization for you to choose that version for the
Library.

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@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
# Smarty template engine
Smarty is a template engine for PHP, facilitating the separation of presentation (HTML/CSS) from application logic.
![CI](https://github.com/smarty-php/smarty/workflows/CI/badge.svg)
## Documentation
Read the [documentation](https://smarty-php.github.io/smarty/) to find out how to use it.
## Requirements
Smarty can be run with PHP 7.1 to PHP 8.3.
## Installation
Smarty versions 3.1.11 or later can be installed with [Composer](https://getcomposer.org/).
To get the latest stable version of Smarty use:
```bash
composer require smarty/smarty
````
More in the [Getting Started](./docs/getting-started.md) section of the docs.

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@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
# Security Policy
## Supported Versions
Smarty currently supports the latest minor version of Smarty 3 and Smarty 4.
| Version | Supported |
|---------|--------------------|
| 4.3.x | :white_check_mark: |
| 3.1.x | :white_check_mark: |
| < 3.1 | :x: |
## Reporting a Vulnerability
If you have discovered a security issue with Smarty, please contact us at mail [at] simonwisselink.nl. Do not
disclose your findings publicly and **PLEASE** do not file an Issue (because that would disclose your findings
publicly.)
We will try to confirm the vulnerability and develop a fix if appropriate. When we release the fix, we will publish
a security release. Please let us know if you want to be credited.

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@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
{
"name": "smarty/smarty",
"type": "library",
"description": "Smarty - the compiling PHP template engine",
"keywords": [
"templating"
],
"homepage": "https://smarty-php.github.io/smarty/",
"license": "LGPL-3.0",
"authors": [
{
"name": "Monte Ohrt",
"email": "monte@ohrt.com"
},
{
"name": "Uwe Tews",
"email": "uwe.tews@googlemail.com"
},
{
"name": "Rodney Rehm",
"email": "rodney.rehm@medialize.de"
},
{
"name": "Simon Wisselink",
"homepage": "https://www.iwink.nl/"
}
],
"support": {
"issues": "https://github.com/smarty-php/smarty/issues",
"forum": "https://github.com/smarty-php/smarty/discussions"
},
"require": {
"php": "^7.1 || ^8.0"
},
"autoload": {
"classmap": [
"libs/"
]
},
"extra": {
"branch-alias": {
"dev-master": "4.0.x-dev"
}
},
"require-dev": {
"phpunit/phpunit": "^8.5 || ^7.5",
"smarty/smarty-lexer": "^3.1"
}
}

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@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
title = Welcome to Smarty!
cutoff_size = 40
[setup]
bold = true

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@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
<?php
/**
* Example Application
*
* @package Example-application
*/
require '../libs/Smarty.class.php';
$smarty = new Smarty;
//$smarty->force_compile = true;
$smarty->debugging = true;
$smarty->caching = true;
$smarty->cache_lifetime = 120;
$smarty->assign("Name", "Fred Irving Johnathan Bradley Peppergill", true);
$smarty->assign("FirstName", array("John", "Mary", "James", "Henry"));
$smarty->assign("LastName", array("Doe", "Smith", "Johnson", "Case"));
$smarty->assign(
"Class",
array(
array("A", "B", "C", "D"),
array("E", "F", "G", "H"),
array("I", "J", "K", "L"),
array("M", "N", "O", "P")
)
);
$smarty->assign(
"contacts",
array(
array("phone" => "1", "fax" => "2", "cell" => "3"),
array("phone" => "555-4444", "fax" => "555-3333", "cell" => "760-1234")
)
);
$smarty->assign("option_values", array("NY", "NE", "KS", "IA", "OK", "TX"));
$smarty->assign("option_output", array("New York", "Nebraska", "Kansas", "Iowa", "Oklahoma", "Texas"));
$smarty->assign("option_selected", "NE");
$smarty->display('index.tpl');

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@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
<?php
/**
* APC CacheResource
* CacheResource Implementation based on the KeyValueStore API to use
* memcache as the storage resource for Smarty's output caching.
* *
*
* @package CacheResource-examples
* @author Uwe Tews
*/
class Smarty_CacheResource_Apc extends Smarty_CacheResource_KeyValueStore
{
/**
* Smarty_CacheResource_Apc constructor.
*
* @throws \Exception
*/
public function __construct()
{
// test if APC is present
if (!function_exists('apc_cache_info')) {
throw new Exception('APC Template Caching Error: APC is not installed');
}
}
/**
* Read values for a set of keys from cache
*
* @param array $keys list of keys to fetch
*
* @return array list of values with the given keys used as indexes
* @return boolean true on success, false on failure
*/
protected function read(array $keys)
{
$_res = array();
$res = apc_fetch($keys);
foreach ($res as $k => $v) {
$_res[ $k ] = $v;
}
return $_res;
}
/**
* Save values for a set of keys to cache
*
* @param array $keys list of values to save
* @param int $expire expiration time
*
* @return boolean true on success, false on failure
*/
protected function write(array $keys, $expire = null)
{
foreach ($keys as $k => $v) {
apc_store($k, $v, $expire);
}
return true;
}
/**
* Remove values from cache
*
* @param array $keys list of keys to delete
*
* @return boolean true on success, false on failure
*/
protected function delete(array $keys)
{
foreach ($keys as $k) {
apc_delete($k);
}
return true;
}
/**
* Remove *all* values from cache
*
* @return boolean true on success, false on failure
*/
protected function purge()
{
return apc_clear_cache('user');
}
}

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@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
<?php
/**
* Memcache CacheResource
* CacheResource Implementation based on the KeyValueStore API to use
* memcache as the storage resource for Smarty's output caching.
* Note that memcache has a limitation of 256 characters per cache-key.
* To avoid complications all cache-keys are translated to a sha1 hash.
*
* @package CacheResource-examples
* @author Rodney Rehm
*/
class Smarty_CacheResource_Memcache extends Smarty_CacheResource_KeyValueStore
{
/**
* memcache instance
*
* @var Memcache
*/
protected $memcache = null;
/**
* Smarty_CacheResource_Memcache constructor.
*/
public function __construct()
{
if (class_exists('Memcached')) {
$this->memcache = new Memcached();
} else {
$this->memcache = new Memcache();
}
$this->memcache->addServer('127.0.0.1', 11211);
}
/**
* Read values for a set of keys from cache
*
* @param array $keys list of keys to fetch
*
* @return array list of values with the given keys used as indexes
* @return boolean true on success, false on failure
*/
protected function read(array $keys)
{
$res = array();
foreach ($keys as $key) {
$k = sha1($key);
$res[$key] = $this->memcache->get($k);
}
return $res;
}
/**
* Save values for a set of keys to cache
*
* @param array $keys list of values to save
* @param int $expire expiration time
*
* @return boolean true on success, false on failure
*/
protected function write(array $keys, $expire = null)
{
foreach ($keys as $k => $v) {
$k = sha1($k);
if (class_exists('Memcached')) {
$this->memcache->set($k, $v, $expire);
} else {
$this->memcache->set($k, $v, 0, $expire);
}
}
return true;
}
/**
* Remove values from cache
*
* @param array $keys list of keys to delete
*
* @return boolean true on success, false on failure
*/
protected function delete(array $keys)
{
foreach ($keys as $k) {
$k = sha1($k);
$this->memcache->delete($k);
}
return true;
}
/**
* Remove *all* values from cache
*
* @return boolean true on success, false on failure
*/
protected function purge()
{
return $this->memcache->flush();
}
}

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@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
<?php
/**
* MySQL CacheResource
* CacheResource Implementation based on the Custom API to use
* MySQL as the storage resource for Smarty's output caching.
* Table definition:
* <pre>CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `output_cache` (
* `id` CHAR(40) NOT NULL COMMENT 'sha1 hash',
* `name` VARCHAR(250) NOT NULL,
* `cache_id` VARCHAR(250) NULL DEFAULT NULL,
* `compile_id` VARCHAR(250) NULL DEFAULT NULL,
* `modified` TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
* `content` LONGTEXT NOT NULL,
* PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
* INDEX(`name`),
* INDEX(`cache_id`),
* INDEX(`compile_id`),
* INDEX(`modified`)
* ) ENGINE = InnoDB;</pre>
*
* @package CacheResource-examples
* @author Rodney Rehm
*/
class Smarty_CacheResource_Mysql extends Smarty_CacheResource_Custom
{
/**
* @var \PDO
*/
protected $db;
/**
* @var \PDOStatement
*/
protected $fetch;
/**
* @var \PDOStatement
*/
protected $fetchTimestamp;
/**
* @var \PDOStatement
*/
protected $save;
/**
* Smarty_CacheResource_Mysql constructor.
*
* @throws \SmartyException
*/
public function __construct()
{
try {
$this->db = new PDO("mysql:dbname=test;host=127.0.0.1", "smarty");
} catch (PDOException $e) {
throw new SmartyException('Mysql Resource failed: ' . $e->getMessage());
}
$this->fetch = $this->db->prepare('SELECT modified, content FROM output_cache WHERE id = :id');
$this->fetchTimestamp = $this->db->prepare('SELECT modified FROM output_cache WHERE id = :id');
$this->save = $this->db->prepare(
'REPLACE INTO output_cache (id, name, cache_id, compile_id, content)
VALUES (:id, :name, :cache_id, :compile_id, :content)'
);
}
/**
* fetch cached content and its modification time from data source
*
* @param string $id unique cache content identifier
* @param string $name template name
* @param string $cache_id cache id
* @param string $compile_id compile id
* @param string $content cached content
* @param integer $mtime cache modification timestamp (epoch)
*
* @return void
*/
protected function fetch($id, $name, $cache_id, $compile_id, &$content, &$mtime)
{
$this->fetch->execute(array('id' => $id));
$row = $this->fetch->fetch();
$this->fetch->closeCursor();
if ($row) {
$content = $row[ 'content' ];
$mtime = strtotime($row[ 'modified' ]);
} else {
$content = null;
$mtime = null;
}
}
/**
* Fetch cached content's modification timestamp from data source
*
* @note implementing this method is optional. Only implement it if modification times can be accessed faster than
* loading the complete cached content.
*
* @param string $id unique cache content identifier
* @param string $name template name
* @param string $cache_id cache id
* @param string $compile_id compile id
*
* @return integer|boolean timestamp (epoch) the template was modified, or false if not found
*/
protected function fetchTimestamp($id, $name, $cache_id, $compile_id)
{
$this->fetchTimestamp->execute(array('id' => $id));
$mtime = strtotime($this->fetchTimestamp->fetchColumn());
$this->fetchTimestamp->closeCursor();
return $mtime;
}
/**
* Save content to cache
*
* @param string $id unique cache content identifier
* @param string $name template name
* @param string $cache_id cache id
* @param string $compile_id compile id
* @param integer|null $exp_time seconds till expiration time in seconds or null
* @param string $content content to cache
*
* @return boolean success
*/
protected function save($id, $name, $cache_id, $compile_id, $exp_time, $content)
{
$this->save->execute(
array('id' => $id,
'name' => $name,
'cache_id' => $cache_id,
'compile_id' => $compile_id,
'content' => $content,)
);
return !!$this->save->rowCount();
}
/**
* Delete content from cache
*
* @param string $name template name
* @param string $cache_id cache id
* @param string $compile_id compile id
* @param integer|null $exp_time seconds till expiration or null
*
* @return integer number of deleted caches
*/
protected function delete($name, $cache_id, $compile_id, $exp_time)
{
// delete the whole cache
if ($name === null && $cache_id === null && $compile_id === null && $exp_time === null) {
// returning the number of deleted caches would require a second query to count them
$query = $this->db->query('TRUNCATE TABLE output_cache');
return -1;
}
// build the filter
$where = array();
// equal test name
if ($name !== null) {
$where[] = 'name = ' . $this->db->quote($name);
}
// equal test compile_id
if ($compile_id !== null) {
$where[] = 'compile_id = ' . $this->db->quote($compile_id);
}
// range test expiration time
if ($exp_time !== null) {
$where[] = 'modified < DATE_SUB(NOW(), INTERVAL ' . intval($exp_time) . ' SECOND)';
}
// equal test cache_id and match sub-groups
if ($cache_id !== null) {
$where[] =
'(cache_id = ' .
$this->db->quote($cache_id) .
' OR cache_id LIKE ' .
$this->db->quote($cache_id . '|%') .
')';
}
// run delete query
$query = $this->db->query('DELETE FROM output_cache WHERE ' . join(' AND ', $where));
return $query->rowCount();
}
}

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@ -0,0 +1,346 @@
<?php
/**
* PDO Cache Handler
* Allows you to store Smarty Cache files into your db.
* Example table :
* CREATE TABLE `smarty_cache` (
* `id` char(40) NOT NULL COMMENT 'sha1 hash',
* `name` varchar(250) NOT NULL,
* `cache_id` varchar(250) DEFAULT NULL,
* `compile_id` varchar(250) DEFAULT NULL,
* `modified` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
* `expire` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
* `content` mediumblob NOT NULL,
* PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
* KEY `name` (`name`),
* KEY `cache_id` (`cache_id`),
* KEY `compile_id` (`compile_id`),
* KEY `modified` (`modified`),
* KEY `expire` (`expire`)
* ) ENGINE=InnoDB
* Example usage :
* $cnx = new PDO("mysql:host=localhost;dbname=mydb", "username", "password");
* $smarty->setCachingType('pdo');
* $smarty->loadPlugin('Smarty_CacheResource_Pdo');
* $smarty->registerCacheResource('pdo', new Smarty_CacheResource_Pdo($cnx, 'smarty_cache'));
*
* @author Beno!t POLASZEK - 2014
*/
class Smarty_CacheResource_Pdo extends Smarty_CacheResource_Custom
{
/**
* @var string[]
*/
protected $fetchStatements = array('default' => 'SELECT %2$s
FROM %1$s
WHERE 1
AND id = :id
AND cache_id IS NULL
AND compile_id IS NULL',
'withCacheId' => 'SELECT %2$s
FROM %1$s
WHERE 1
AND id = :id
AND cache_id = :cache_id
AND compile_id IS NULL',
'withCompileId' => 'SELECT %2$s
FROM %1$s
WHERE 1
AND id = :id
AND compile_id = :compile_id
AND cache_id IS NULL',
'withCacheIdAndCompileId' => 'SELECT %2$s
FROM %1$s
WHERE 1
AND id = :id
AND cache_id = :cache_id
AND compile_id = :compile_id');
/**
* @var string
*/
protected $insertStatement = 'INSERT INTO %s
SET id = :id,
name = :name,
cache_id = :cache_id,
compile_id = :compile_id,
modified = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
expire = DATE_ADD(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, INTERVAL :expire SECOND),
content = :content
ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE
name = :name,
cache_id = :cache_id,
compile_id = :compile_id,
modified = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
expire = DATE_ADD(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, INTERVAL :expire SECOND),
content = :content';
/**
* @var string
*/
protected $deleteStatement = 'DELETE FROM %1$s WHERE %2$s';
/**
* @var string
*/
protected $truncateStatement = 'TRUNCATE TABLE %s';
/**
* @var string
*/
protected $fetchColumns = 'modified, content';
/**
* @var string
*/
protected $fetchTimestampColumns = 'modified';
/**
* @var \PDO
*/
protected $pdo;
/**
* @var
*/
protected $table;
/**
* @var null
*/
protected $database;
/**
* Constructor
*
* @param PDO $pdo PDO : active connection
* @param string $table : table (or view) name
* @param string $database : optional - if table is located in another db
*
* @throws \SmartyException
*/
public function __construct(PDO $pdo, $table, $database = null)
{
if (is_null($table)) {
throw new SmartyException("Table name for caching can't be null");
}
$this->pdo = $pdo;
$this->table = $table;
$this->database = $database;
$this->fillStatementsWithTableName();
}
/**
* Fills the table name into the statements.
*
* @return $this Current Instance
* @access protected
*/
protected function fillStatementsWithTableName()
{
foreach ($this->fetchStatements as &$statement) {
$statement = sprintf($statement, $this->getTableName(), '%s');
}
$this->insertStatement = sprintf($this->insertStatement, $this->getTableName());
$this->deleteStatement = sprintf($this->deleteStatement, $this->getTableName(), '%s');
$this->truncateStatement = sprintf($this->truncateStatement, $this->getTableName());
return $this;
}
/**
* Gets the fetch statement, depending on what you specify
*
* @param string $columns : the column(s) name(s) you want to retrieve from the database
* @param string $id unique cache content identifier
* @param string|null $cache_id cache id
* @param string|null $compile_id compile id
*
* @access protected
* @return \PDOStatement
*/
protected function getFetchStatement($columns, $id, $cache_id = null, $compile_id = null)
{
$args = array();
if (!is_null($cache_id) && !is_null($compile_id)) {
$query = $this->fetchStatements[ 'withCacheIdAndCompileId' ] and
$args = array('id' => $id, 'cache_id' => $cache_id, 'compile_id' => $compile_id);
} elseif (is_null($cache_id) && !is_null($compile_id)) {
$query = $this->fetchStatements[ 'withCompileId' ] and
$args = array('id' => $id, 'compile_id' => $compile_id);
} elseif (!is_null($cache_id) && is_null($compile_id)) {
$query = $this->fetchStatements[ 'withCacheId' ] and $args = array('id' => $id, 'cache_id' => $cache_id);
} else {
$query = $this->fetchStatements[ 'default' ] and $args = array('id' => $id);
}
$query = sprintf($query, $columns);
$stmt = $this->pdo->prepare($query);
foreach ($args as $key => $value) {
$stmt->bindValue($key, $value);
}
return $stmt;
}
/**
* fetch cached content and its modification time from data source
*
* @param string $id unique cache content identifier
* @param string $name template name
* @param string|null $cache_id cache id
* @param string|null $compile_id compile id
* @param string $content cached content
* @param integer $mtime cache modification timestamp (epoch)
*
* @return void
* @access protected
*/
protected function fetch($id, $name, $cache_id, $compile_id, &$content, &$mtime)
{
$stmt = $this->getFetchStatement($this->fetchColumns, $id, $cache_id, $compile_id);
$stmt->execute();
$row = $stmt->fetch();
$stmt->closeCursor();
if ($row) {
$content = $this->outputContent($row[ 'content' ]);
$mtime = strtotime($row[ 'modified' ]);
} else {
$content = null;
$mtime = null;
}
}
/**
* Fetch cached content's modification timestamp from data source
* {@internal implementing this method is optional.
* Only implement it if modification times can be accessed faster than loading the complete cached content.}}
*
* @param string $id unique cache content identifier
* @param string $name template name
* @param string|null $cache_id cache id
* @param string|null $compile_id compile id
*
* @return integer|boolean timestamp (epoch) the template was modified, or false if not found
* @access protected
*/
// protected function fetchTimestamp($id, $name, $cache_id = null, $compile_id = null) {
// $stmt = $this->getFetchStatement($this->fetchTimestampColumns, $id, $cache_id, $compile_id);
// $stmt -> execute();
// $mtime = strtotime($stmt->fetchColumn());
// $stmt -> closeCursor();
// return $mtime;
// }
/**
* Save content to cache
*
* @param string $id unique cache content identifier
* @param string $name template name
* @param string|null $cache_id cache id
* @param string|null $compile_id compile id
* @param integer|null $exp_time seconds till expiration time in seconds or null
* @param string $content content to cache
*
* @return boolean success
* @access protected
*/
protected function save($id, $name, $cache_id, $compile_id, $exp_time, $content)
{
$stmt = $this->pdo->prepare($this->insertStatement);
$stmt->bindValue('id', $id);
$stmt->bindValue('name', $name);
$stmt->bindValue('cache_id', $cache_id, (is_null($cache_id)) ? PDO::PARAM_NULL : PDO::PARAM_STR);
$stmt->bindValue('compile_id', $compile_id, (is_null($compile_id)) ? PDO::PARAM_NULL : PDO::PARAM_STR);
$stmt->bindValue('expire', (int)$exp_time, PDO::PARAM_INT);
$stmt->bindValue('content', $this->inputContent($content));
$stmt->execute();
return !!$stmt->rowCount();
}
/**
* Encodes the content before saving to database
*
* @param string $content
*
* @return string $content
* @access protected
*/
protected function inputContent($content)
{
return $content;
}
/**
* Decodes the content before saving to database
*
* @param string $content
*
* @return string $content
* @access protected
*/
protected function outputContent($content)
{
return $content;
}
/**
* Delete content from cache
*
* @param string|null $name template name
* @param string|null $cache_id cache id
* @param string|null $compile_id compile id
* @param integer|null|-1 $exp_time seconds till expiration or null
*
* @return integer number of deleted caches
* @access protected
*/
protected function delete($name = null, $cache_id = null, $compile_id = null, $exp_time = null)
{
// delete the whole cache
if ($name === null && $cache_id === null && $compile_id === null && $exp_time === null) {
// returning the number of deleted caches would require a second query to count them
$this->pdo->query($this->truncateStatement);
return -1;
}
// build the filter
$where = array();
// equal test name
if ($name !== null) {
$where[] = 'name = ' . $this->pdo->quote($name);
}
// equal test cache_id and match sub-groups
if ($cache_id !== null) {
$where[] =
'(cache_id = ' .
$this->pdo->quote($cache_id) .
' OR cache_id LIKE ' .
$this->pdo->quote($cache_id . '|%') .
')';
}
// equal test compile_id
if ($compile_id !== null) {
$where[] = 'compile_id = ' . $this->pdo->quote($compile_id);
}
// for clearing expired caches
if ($exp_time === Smarty::CLEAR_EXPIRED) {
$where[] = 'expire < CURRENT_TIMESTAMP';
} // range test expiration time
elseif ($exp_time !== null) {
$where[] = 'modified < DATE_SUB(NOW(), INTERVAL ' . intval($exp_time) . ' SECOND)';
}
// run delete query
$query = $this->pdo->query(sprintf($this->deleteStatement, join(' AND ', $where)));
return $query->rowCount();
}
/**
* Gets the formatted table name
*
* @return string
* @access protected
*/
protected function getTableName()
{
return (is_null($this->database)) ? "`{$this->table}`" : "`{$this->database}`.`{$this->table}`";
}
}

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<?php
require_once 'cacheresource.pdo.php';
/**
* PDO Cache Handler with GZIP support
* Example usage :
* $cnx = new PDO("mysql:host=localhost;dbname=mydb", "username", "password");
* $smarty->setCachingType('pdo_gzip');
* $smarty->loadPlugin('Smarty_CacheResource_Pdo_Gzip');
* $smarty->registerCacheResource('pdo_gzip', new Smarty_CacheResource_Pdo_Gzip($cnx, 'smarty_cache'));
*
* @require Smarty_CacheResource_Pdo class
* @author Beno!t POLASZEK - 2014
*/
class Smarty_CacheResource_Pdo_Gzip extends Smarty_CacheResource_Pdo
{
/**
* Encodes the content before saving to database
*
* @param string $content
*
* @return string $content
* @access protected
*/
protected function inputContent($content)
{
return gzdeflate($content);
}
/**
* Decodes the content before saving to database
*
* @param string $content
*
* @return string $content
* @access protected
*/
protected function outputContent($content)
{
return gzinflate($content);
}
}

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<?php
/**
* Extends All Resource
* Resource Implementation modifying the extends-Resource to walk
* through the template_dirs and inherit all templates of the same name
*
* @package Resource-examples
* @author Rodney Rehm
*/
class Smarty_Resource_Extendsall extends Smarty_Internal_Resource_Extends
{
/**
* populate Source Object with meta data from Resource
*
* @param Smarty_Template_Source $source source object
* @param Smarty_Internal_Template $_template template object
*
* @return void
*/
public function populate(Smarty_Template_Source $source, Smarty_Internal_Template $_template = null)
{
$uid = '';
$sources = array();
$timestamp = 0;
foreach ($source->smarty->getTemplateDir() as $key => $directory) {
try {
$s = Smarty_Resource::source(null, $source->smarty, 'file:' . '[' . $key . ']' . $source->name);
if (!$s->exists) {
continue;
}
$sources[ $s->uid ] = $s;
$uid .= $s->filepath;
$timestamp = $s->timestamp > $timestamp ? $s->timestamp : $timestamp;
} catch (SmartyException $e) {
}
}
if (!$sources) {
$source->exists = false;
return;
}
$sources = array_reverse($sources, true);
reset($sources);
$s = current($sources);
$source->components = $sources;
$source->filepath = $s->filepath;
$source->uid = sha1($uid . $source->smarty->_joined_template_dir);
$source->exists = true;
$source->timestamp = $timestamp;
}
/**
* Disable timestamp checks for extendsall resource.
* The individual source components will be checked.
*
* @return bool false
*/
public function checkTimestamps()
{
return false;
}
}

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<?php
/**
* MySQL Resource
* Resource Implementation based on the Custom API to use
* MySQL as the storage resource for Smarty's templates and configs.
* Table definition:
* <pre>CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `templates` (
* `name` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
* `modified` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
* `source` text,
* PRIMARY KEY (`name`)
* ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;</pre>
* Demo data:
* <pre>INSERT INTO `templates` (`name`, `modified`, `source`) VALUES ('test.tpl', "2010-12-25 22:00:00", '{$x="hello
* world"}{$x}');</pre>
*
*
* @package Resource-examples
* @author Rodney Rehm
*/
class Smarty_Resource_Mysql extends Smarty_Resource_Custom
{
/**
* PDO instance
*
* @var \PDO
*/
protected $db;
/**
* prepared fetch() statement
*
* @var \PDOStatement
*/
protected $fetch;
/**
* prepared fetchTimestamp() statement
*
* @var \PDOStatement
*/
protected $mtime;
/**
* Smarty_Resource_Mysql constructor.
*
* @throws \SmartyException
*/
public function __construct()
{
try {
$this->db = new PDO("mysql:dbname=test;host=127.0.0.1", "smarty");
} catch (PDOException $e) {
throw new SmartyException('Mysql Resource failed: ' . $e->getMessage());
}
$this->fetch = $this->db->prepare('SELECT modified, source FROM templates WHERE name = :name');
$this->mtime = $this->db->prepare('SELECT modified FROM templates WHERE name = :name');
}
/**
* Fetch a template and its modification time from database
*
* @param string $name template name
* @param string $source template source
* @param integer $mtime template modification timestamp (epoch)
*
* @return void
*/
protected function fetch($name, &$source, &$mtime)
{
$this->fetch->execute(array('name' => $name));
$row = $this->fetch->fetch();
$this->fetch->closeCursor();
if ($row) {
$source = $row[ 'source' ];
$mtime = strtotime($row[ 'modified' ]);
} else {
$source = null;
$mtime = null;
}
}
/**
* Fetch a template's modification time from database
*
* @note implementing this method is optional. Only implement it if modification times can be accessed faster than
* loading the comple template source.
*
* @param string $name template name
*
* @return integer timestamp (epoch) the template was modified
*/
protected function fetchTimestamp($name)
{
$this->mtime->execute(array('name' => $name));
$mtime = $this->mtime->fetchColumn();
$this->mtime->closeCursor();
return strtotime($mtime);
}
}

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<?php
/**
* MySQL Resource
* Resource Implementation based on the Custom API to use
* MySQL as the storage resource for Smarty's templates and configs.
* Note that this MySQL implementation fetches the source and timestamps in
* a single database query, instead of two separate like resource.mysql.php does.
* Table definition:
* <pre>CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `templates` (
* `name` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
* `modified` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
* `source` text,
* PRIMARY KEY (`name`)
* ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;</pre>
* Demo data:
* <pre>INSERT INTO `templates` (`name`, `modified`, `source`) VALUES ('test.tpl', "2010-12-25 22:00:00", '{$x="hello
* world"}{$x}');</pre>
*
*
* @package Resource-examples
* @author Rodney Rehm
*/
class Smarty_Resource_Mysqls extends Smarty_Resource_Custom
{
/**
* PDO instance
*
* @var \PDO
*/
protected $db;
/**
* prepared fetch() statement
*
* @var \PDOStatement
*/
protected $fetch;
/**
* Smarty_Resource_Mysqls constructor.
*
* @throws \SmartyException
*/
public function __construct()
{
try {
$this->db = new PDO("mysql:dbname=test;host=127.0.0.1", "smarty");
} catch (PDOException $e) {
throw new SmartyException('Mysql Resource failed: ' . $e->getMessage());
}
$this->fetch = $this->db->prepare('SELECT modified, source FROM templates WHERE name = :name');
}
/**
* Fetch a template and its modification time from database
*
* @param string $name template name
* @param string $source template source
* @param integer $mtime template modification timestamp (epoch)
*
* @return void
*/
protected function fetch($name, &$source, &$mtime)
{
$this->fetch->execute(array('name' => $name));
$row = $this->fetch->fetch();
$this->fetch->closeCursor();
if ($row) {
$source = $row[ 'source' ];
$mtime = strtotime($row[ 'modified' ]);
} else {
$source = null;
$mtime = null;
}
}
}

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</BODY>
</HTML>

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<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>{$title} - {$Name}</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY bgcolor="#ffffff">

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{config_load file="test.conf" section="setup"}
{include file="header.tpl" title=foo}
<PRE>
{* bold and title are read from the config file *}
{if #bold#}<b>{/if}
{* capitalize the first letters of each word of the title *}
Title: {#title#|capitalize}
{if #bold#}</b>{/if}
The current date and time is {$smarty.now|date_format:"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"}
The value of global assigned variable $SCRIPT_NAME is {$SCRIPT_NAME}
Example of accessing server environment variable SERVER_NAME: {$smarty.server.SERVER_NAME}
The value of {ldelim}$Name{rdelim} is <b>{$Name}</b>
variable modifier example of {ldelim}$Name|upper{rdelim}
<b>{$Name|upper}</b>
An example of a section loop:
{section name=outer
loop=$FirstName}
{if $smarty.section.outer.index is odd by 2}
{$smarty.section.outer.rownum} . {$FirstName[outer]} {$LastName[outer]}
{else}
{$smarty.section.outer.rownum} * {$FirstName[outer]} {$LastName[outer]}
{/if}
{sectionelse}
none
{/section}
An example of section looped key values:
{section name=sec1 loop=$contacts}
phone: {$contacts[sec1].phone}
<br>
fax: {$contacts[sec1].fax}
<br>
cell: {$contacts[sec1].cell}
<br>
{/section}
<p>
testing strip tags
{strip}
<table border=0>
<tr>
<td>
<A HREF="{$SCRIPT_NAME}">
<font color="red">This is a test </font>
</A>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
{/strip}
</PRE>
This is an example of the html_select_date function:
<form>
{html_select_date start_year=1998 end_year=2010}
</form>
This is an example of the html_select_time function:
<form>
{html_select_time use_24_hours=false}
</form>
This is an example of the html_options function:
<form>
<select name=states>
{html_options values=$option_values selected=$option_selected output=$option_output}
</select>
</form>
{include file="footer.tpl"}

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theme: jekyll-theme-minimal

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# Tips & Tricks
## Blank Variable Handling
There may be times when you want to print a default value for an empty
variable instead of printing nothing, such as printing `&nbsp;` so that
html table backgrounds work properly. Many would use an
[`{if}`](../designers/language-builtin-functions/language-function-if.md) statement to handle this, but there is a
shorthand way with Smarty, using the
[`default`](../designers/language-modifiers/language-modifier-default.md) variable modifier.
> **Note**
>
> "Undefined variable" errors will show an E\_NOTICE if not disabled in
> PHP's [`error_reporting()`](https://www.php.net/error_reporting) level or
> Smarty's [`$error_reporting`](../programmers/api-variables/variable-error-reporting.md) property and
> a variable had not been assigned to Smarty.
```smarty
{* the long way *}
{if $title eq ''}
&nbsp;
{else}
{$title}
{/if}
{* the short way *}
{$title|default:'&nbsp;'}
```
See also [`default`](../designers/language-modifiers/language-modifier-default.md) modifier and [default
variable handling](#default-variable-handling).
## Default Variable Handling
If a variable is used frequently throughout your templates, applying the
[`default`](../designers/language-modifiers/language-modifier-default.md) modifier every time it is
mentioned can get a bit ugly. You can remedy this by assigning the
variable its default value with the
[`{assign}`](../designers/language-builtin-functions/language-function-assign.md) function.
{* do this somewhere at the top of your template *}
{assign var='title' value=$title|default:'no title'}
{* if $title was empty, it now contains the value "no title" when you use it *}
{$title}
See also [`default`](../designers/language-modifiers/language-modifier-default.md) modifier and [blank
variable handling](#blank-variable-handling).
## Passing variable title to header template
When the majority of your templates use the same headers and footers, it
is common to split those out into their own templates and
[`{include}`](../designers/language-builtin-functions/language-function-include.md) them. But what if the header
needs to have a different title, depending on what page you are coming
from? You can pass the title to the header as an
[attribute](../designers/language-basic-syntax/language-syntax-attributes.md) when it is included.
`mainpage.tpl` - When the main page is drawn, the title of "Main Page"
is passed to the `header.tpl`, and will subsequently be used as the
title.
```smarty
{include file='header.tpl' title='Main Page'}
{* template body goes here *}
{include file='footer.tpl'}
```
`archives.tpl` - When the archives page is drawn, the title will be
"Archives". Notice in the archive example, we are using a variable from
the `archives_page.conf` file instead of a hard coded variable.
```smarty
{config_load file='archive_page.conf'}
{include file='header.tpl' title=#archivePageTitle#}
{* template body goes here *}
{include file='footer.tpl'}
```
`header.tpl` - Notice that "Smarty News" is printed if the `$title`
variable is not set, using the [`default`](../designers/language-modifiers/language-modifier-default.md)
variable modifier.
```smarty
<html>
<head>
<title>{$title|default:'Smarty News'}</title>
</head>
<body>
```
`footer.tpl`
```smarty
</body>
</html>
```
## Dates
As a rule of thumb, always pass dates to Smarty as
[timestamps](https://www.php.net/time). This allows template designers to
use the [`date_format`](../designers/language-modifiers/language-modifier-date-format.md) modifier for
full control over date formatting, and also makes it easy to compare
dates if necessary.
```smarty
{$startDate|date_format}
```
This will output:
```
Jan 4, 2009
```
```smarty
{$startDate|date_format:"%Y/%m/%d"}
```
This will output:
```
2009/01/04
```
Dates can be compared in the template by timestamps with:
```smarty
{if $order_date < $invoice_date}
...do something..
{/if}
```
When using [`{html_select_date}`](../designers/language-custom-functions/language-function-html-select-date.md)
in a template, the programmer will most likely want to convert the
output from the form back into timestamp format. Here is a function to
help you with that.
```php
<?php
// this assumes your form elements are named
// startDate_Day, startDate_Month, startDate_Year
$startDate = makeTimeStamp($startDate_Year, $startDate_Month, $startDate_Day);
function makeTimeStamp($year='', $month='', $day='')
{
if(empty($year)) {
$year = strftime('%Y');
}
if(empty($month)) {
$month = strftime('%m');
}
if(empty($day)) {
$day = strftime('%d');
}
return mktime(0, 0, 0, $month, $day, $year);
}
```
See also [`{html_select_date}`](../designers/language-custom-functions/language-function-html-select-date.md),
[`{html_select_time}`](../designers/language-custom-functions/language-function-html-select-time.md),
[`date_format`](../designers/language-modifiers/language-modifier-date-format.md) and
[`$smarty.now`](../designers/language-variables/language-variables-smarty.md#smarty-now),
## Componentized Templates
Traditionally, programming templates into your applications goes as
follows: First, you accumulate your variables within your PHP
application, (maybe with database queries.) Then, you instantiate your
Smarty object, [`assign()`](../programmers/api-functions/api-assign.md) the variables and
[`display()`](../programmers/api-functions/api-display.md) the template. So lets say for example we
have a stock ticker on our template. We would collect the stock data in
our application, then assign these variables in the template and display
it. Now wouldn't it be nice if you could add this stock ticker to any
application by merely including the template, and not worry about
fetching the data up front?
You can do this by writing a custom plugin for fetching the content and
assigning it to a template variable.
`function.load_ticker.php` - drop file in
[`$plugins directory`](../programmers/api-variables/variable-plugins-dir.md)
```php
<?php
// setup our function for fetching stock data
function fetch_ticker($symbol)
{
// put logic here that fetches $ticker_info
// from some ticker resource
return $ticker_info;
}
function smarty_function_load_ticker($params, $smarty)
{
// call the function
$ticker_info = fetch_ticker($params['symbol']);
// assign template variable
$smarty->assign($params['assign'], $ticker_info);
}
```
`index.tpl`
```smarty
{load_ticker symbol='SMARTY' assign='ticker'}
Stock Name: {$ticker.name} Stock Price: {$ticker.price}
```
See also: [`{include}`](../designers/language-builtin-functions/language-function-include.md).
## Obfuscating E-mail Addresses
Do you ever wonder how your email address gets on so many spam mailing
lists? One way spammers collect email addresses is from web pages. To
help combat this problem, you can make your email address show up in
scrambled javascript in the HTML source, yet it it will look and work
correctly in the browser. This is done with the
[`{mailto}`](../designers/language-custom-functions/language-function-mailto.md) plugin.
```smarty
<div id="contact">Send inquiries to
{mailto address=$EmailAddress encode='javascript' subject='Hello'}
</div>
```
> **Note**
>
> This method isn\'t 100% foolproof. A spammer could conceivably program
> his e-mail collector to decode these values, but not likely\....
> hopefully..yet \... wheres that quantum computer :-?.
See also [`escape`](../designers/language-modifiers/language-modifier-escape.md) modifier and
[`{mailto}`](../designers/language-custom-functions/language-function-mailto.md).

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# Troubleshooting
## Smarty/PHP errors
Smarty can catch many errors such as missing tag attributes or malformed
variable names. If this happens, you will see an error similar to the
following:
```
Warning: Smarty: [in index.tpl line 4]: syntax error: unknown tag - '%blah'
in /path/to/smarty/Smarty.class.php on line 1041
Fatal error: Smarty: [in index.tpl line 28]: syntax error: missing section name
in /path/to/smarty/Smarty.class.php on line 1041
```
Smarty shows you the template name, the line number and the error. After
that, the error consists of the actual line number in the Smarty class
that the error occurred.
There are certain errors that Smarty cannot catch, such as missing close
tags. These types of errors usually end up in PHP compile-time parsing
errors.
`Parse error: parse error in /path/to/smarty/templates_c/index.tpl.php on line 75`
When you encounter a PHP parsing error, the error line number will
correspond to the compiled PHP script, NOT the template itself. Usually
you can look at the template and spot the syntax error. Here are some
common things to look for: missing close tags for
[`{if}{/if}`](../designers/language-builtin-functions/language-function-if.md) or
[`{section}{/section}`](../designers/language-builtin-functions/language-function-section.md),
or syntax of logic within an `{if}` tag. If you can\'t find the error, you might have to
open the compiled PHP file and go to the line number to figure out where
the corresponding error is in the template.
```
Warning: Smarty error: unable to read resource: "index.tpl" in...
```
or
```
Warning: Smarty error: unable to read resource: "site.conf" in...
```
- The [`$template_dir`](../programmers/api-variables/variable-template-dir.md) is incorrect, doesn't
exist or the file `index.tpl` is not in the `templates/` directory
- A [`{config_load}`](../designers/language-builtin-functions/language-function-config-load.md) function is
within a template (or [`configLoad()`](../programmers/api-functions/api-config-load.md) has been
called) and either [`$config_dir`](../programmers/api-variables/variable-config-dir.md) is
incorrect, does not exist or `site.conf` is not in the directory.
```
Fatal error: Smarty error: the $compile_dir 'templates_c' does not exist,
or is not a directory...
```
- Either the [`$compile_dir`](../programmers/api-variables/variable-compile-dir.md)is incorrectly
set, the directory does not exist, or `templates_c` is a file and
not a directory.
```
Fatal error: Smarty error: unable to write to $compile_dir '....
```
- The [`$compile_dir`](../programmers/api-variables/variable-compile-dir.md) is not writable by the
web server. See the bottom of the [installing
smarty](../getting-started.md#installation) page for more about permissions.
```
Fatal error: Smarty error: the $cache_dir 'cache' does not exist,
or is not a directory. in /..
```
- This means that [`$caching`](../programmers/api-variables/variable-caching.md) is enabled and
either; the [`$cache_dir`](../programmers/api-variables/variable-cache-dir.md) is incorrectly set,
the directory does not exist, or `cache/` is a file and not a
directory.
```
Fatal error: Smarty error: unable to write to $cache_dir '/...
```
- This means that [`$caching`](../programmers/api-variables/variable-caching.md) is enabled and the
[`$cache_dir`](../programmers/api-variables/variable-cache-dir.md) is not writable by the web
server. See the bottom of the [installing
smarty](../getting-started.md#installation) page for permissions.
```
Warning: filemtime(): stat failed for /path/to/smarty/cache/3ab50a623e65185c49bf17c63c90cc56070ea85c.one.tpl.php
in /path/to/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_resource.php
```
- This means that your application registered a custom error handler
(using [set_error_handler()](https://www.php.net/set_error_handler))
which is not respecting the given `$errno` as it should. If, for
whatever reason, this is the desired behaviour of your custom error
handler, please call
[`muteExpectedErrors()`](../programmers/api-functions/api-mute-expected-errors.md) after you've
registered your custom error handler.
See also [debugging](../designers/chapter-debugging-console.md).

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# Debugging Console
There is a debugging console included with Smarty. The console informs
you of all the [included](./language-builtin-functions/language-function-include.md) templates,
[assigned](../programmers/api-functions/api-assign.md) variables and
[config](./language-variables/language-config-variables.md) file variables for the current
invocation of the template. A template file named `debug.tpl` is
included with the distribution of Smarty which controls the formatting
of the console.
Set [`$debugging`](../programmers/api-variables/variable-debugging.md) to TRUE in Smarty, and if needed
set [`$debug_tpl`](../programmers/api-variables/variable-debug-template.md) to the template resource
path to `debug.tpl` (this is in [`SMARTY_DIR`](../programmers/smarty-constants.md) by
default). When you load the page, a Javascript console window will pop
up and give you the names of all the included templates and assigned
variables for the current page.
To see the available variables for a particular template, see the
[`{debug}`](./language-builtin-functions/language-function-debug.md) template function. To disable the
debugging console, set [`$debugging`](../programmers/api-variables/variable-debugging.md) to FALSE. You
can also temporarily turn on the debugging console by putting
`SMARTY_DEBUG` in the URL if you enable this option with
[`$debugging_ctrl`](../programmers/api-variables/variable-debugging-ctrl.md).
> **Note**
>
> The debugging console does not work when you use the
> [`fetch()`](../programmers/api-functions/api-fetch.md) API, only when using
> [`display()`](../programmers/api-functions/api-display.md). It is a set of javascript statements
> added to the very bottom of the generated template. If you do not like
> javascript, you can edit the `debug.tpl` template to format the output
> however you like. Debug data is not cached and `debug.tpl` info is not
> included in the output of the debug console.
> **Note**
>
> The load times of each template and config file are in seconds, or
> fractions thereof.
See also [troubleshooting](../appendixes/troubleshooting.md).

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# Config Files
Config files are handy for designers to manage global template variables
from one file. One example is template colors. Normally if you wanted to
change the color scheme of an application, you would have to go through
each and every template file and change the colors. With a config file,
the colors can be kept in one place, and only one file needs to be
updated.
```ini
# global variables
pageTitle = "Main Menu"
bodyBgColor = #000000
tableBgColor = #000000
rowBgColor = #00ff00
[Customer]
pageTitle = "Customer Info"
[Login]
pageTitle = "Login"
focus = "username"
Intro = """This is a value that spans more
than one line. you must enclose
it in triple quotes."""
# hidden section
[.Database]
host=my.example.com
db=ADDRESSBOOK
user=php-user
pass=foobar
```
Values of [config file variables](./language-variables/language-config-variables.md) can be in
quotes, but not necessary. You can use either single or double quotes.
If you have a value that spans more than one line, enclose the entire
value with triple quotes \("""\). You can put comments into config
files by any syntax that is not a valid config file syntax. We recommend
using a `#` (hash) at the beginning of the line.
The example config file above has two sections. Section names are
enclosed in \[brackets\]. Section names can be arbitrary strings not
containing `[` or `]` symbols. The four variables at the top are global
variables, or variables not within a section. These variables are always
loaded from the config file. If a particular section is loaded, then the
global variables and the variables from that section are also loaded. If
a variable exists both as a global and in a section, the section
variable is used. If you name two variables the same within a section,
the last one will be used unless
[`$config_overwrite`](../programmers/api-variables/variable-config-overwrite.md) is disabled.
Config files are loaded into templates with the built-in template
function [`{config_load}`](./language-builtin-functions/language-function-config-load.md) or the API
[`configLoad()`](../programmers/api-functions/api-config-load.md) function.
You can hide variables or entire sections by prepending the variable
name or section name with a period(.) eg `[.hidden]`. This is useful if
your application reads the config files and gets sensitive data from
them that the template engine does not need. If you have third parties
doing template editing, you can be certain that they cannot read
sensitive data from the config file by loading it into the template.
Config files (or resources) are loaded by the same resource facilities
as templates. That means that a config file can also be loaded from a db
`$smarty->configLoad("db:my.conf")`.
See also [`{config_load}`](./language-builtin-functions/language-function-config-load.md),
[`$config_overwrite`](../programmers/api-variables/variable-config-overwrite.md),
[`$default_config_handler_func`](../programmers/api-variables/variable-default-config-handler-func.md),
[`getConfigVars()`](../programmers/api-functions/api-get-config-vars.md),
[`clearConfig()`](../programmers/api-functions/api-clear-config.md) and
[`configLoad()`](../programmers/api-functions/api-config-load.md)

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# Basic Syntax
A simple Smarty template could look like this:
```smarty
<h1>{$title|escape}</h1>
<ul>
{foreach $cities as $city}
<li>{$city.name|escape} ({$city.population})</li>
{foreachelse}
<li>no cities found</li>
{/foreach}
</ul>
```
All Smarty template tags are enclosed within delimiters. By default
these are `{` and `}`, but they can be
[changed](../../programmers/api-variables/variable-left-delimiter.md).
For the examples in this manual, we will assume that you are using the
default delimiters. In Smarty, all content outside of delimiters is
displayed as static content, or unchanged. When Smarty encounters
template tags, it attempts to interpret them, and displays the
appropriate output in their place.
The basis components of the Smarty syntax are:
- [Comments](language-syntax-comments.md)
- [Variables](language-syntax-variables.md)
- [Functions](language-syntax-functions.md)
- [Attributes](language-syntax-attributes.md)
- [Quotes](language-syntax-quotes.md)
- [Math](language-math.md)
- [Escaping](language-escaping.md)

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# Escaping Smarty parsing
It is sometimes desirable or even necessary to have Smarty ignore
sections it would otherwise parse. A classic example is embedding
Javascript or CSS code in a template. The problem arises as those
languages use the { and } characters which are also the default
[delimiters](../language-builtin-functions/language-function-ldelim.md) for Smarty.
> **Note**
>
> A good practice for avoiding escapement altogether is by separating
> your Javascript/CSS into their own files and use standard HTML methods
> to access them. This will also take advantage of browser script
> caching. When you need to embed Smarty variables/functions into your
> Javascript/CSS, then the following applies.
In Smarty templates, the { and } braces will be ignored so long as they
are surrounded by white space. This behavior can be disabled by setting
the Smarty class variable [`$auto_literal`](../../programmers/api-variables/variable-auto-literal.md) to
false.
## Examples
```smarty
<script>
// the following braces are ignored by Smarty
// since they are surrounded by whitespace
function foobar {
alert('foobar!');
}
// this one will need literal escapement
{literal}
function bazzy {alert('foobar!');}
{/literal}
</script>
```
[`{literal}..{/literal}`](../language-builtin-functions/language-function-literal.md) blocks are used
for escaping blocks of template logic. You can also escape the braces
individually with
[`{ldelim}`, `{rdelim}`](../language-builtin-functions/language-function-ldelim.md) tags or
[`{$smarty.ldelim}`,`{$smarty.rdelim}`](../language-variables/language-variables-smarty.md#smartyldelim-smartyrdelim-languagevariablessmartyldelim)
variables.
Smarty's default delimiters { and } cleanly represent presentational
content. However, if another set of delimiters suit your needs better,
you can change them with Smarty's
[`$left_delimiter`](../../programmers/api-variables/variable-left-delimiter.md) and
[`$right_delimiter`](../../programmers/api-variables/variable-right-delimiter.md) values.
> **Note**
>
> Changing delimiters affects ALL template syntax and escapement. Be
> sure to clear out cache and compiled files if you decide to change
> them.
```php
<?php
$smarty->left_delimiter = '<!--{';
$smarty->right_delimiter = '}-->';
$smarty->assign('foo', 'bar');
$smarty->assign('name', 'Albert');
$smarty->display('example.tpl');
```
Where the template is:
```smarty
Welcome <!--{$name}--> to Smarty
<script language="javascript">
var foo = <!--{$foo}-->;
function dosomething() {
alert("foo is " + foo);
}
dosomething();
</script>
```

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# Math
Math can be applied directly to variable values.
## Examples
```smarty
{$foo+1}
{$foo*$bar}
{* some more complicated examples *}
{$foo->bar-$bar[1]*$baz->foo->bar()-3*7}
{if ($foo+$bar.test%$baz*134232+10+$b+10)}
{$foo|truncate:"`$fooTruncCount/$barTruncFactor-1`"}
{assign var="foo" value="`$foo+$bar`"}
```
> **Note**
>
> Although Smarty can handle some very complex expressions and syntax,
> it is a good rule of thumb to keep the template syntax minimal and
> focused on presentation. If you find your template syntax getting too
> complex, it may be a good idea to move the bits that do not deal
> explicitly with presentation to PHP by way of plugins or modifiers.

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# Attributes
Most of the [functions](./language-syntax-functions.md) take attributes that
specify or modify their behavior. Attributes to Smarty functions are
much like HTML attributes. Static values don't have to be enclosed in
quotes, but it is required for literal strings. Variables with or
without modifiers may also be used, and should not be in quotes. You can
even use PHP function results, plugin results and complex expressions.
Some attributes require boolean values (TRUE or FALSE). These can be
specified as `true` and `false`. If an attribute has no value assigned
it gets the default boolean value of true.
## Examples
```smarty
{include file="header.tpl"}
{include file="header.tpl" nocache} // is equivalent to nocache=true
{include file="header.tpl" attrib_name="attrib value"}
{include file=$includeFile}
{include file=#includeFile# title="My Title"}
{assign var=foo value={counter}} // plugin result
{assign var=foo value=substr($bar,2,5)} // PHP function result
{assign var=foo value=$bar|strlen} // using modifier
{assign var=foo value=$buh+$bar|strlen} // more complex expression
{html_select_date display_days=true}
{mailto address="smarty@example.com"}
<select name="company_id">
{html_options options=$companies selected=$company_id}
</select>
```
> **Note**
>
> Although Smarty can handle some very complex expressions and syntax,
> it is a good rule of thumb to keep the template syntax minimal and
> focused on presentation. If you find your template syntax getting too
> complex, it may be a good idea to move the bits that do not deal
> explicitly with presentation to PHP by way of plugins or modifiers.

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# Comments
Template comments are surrounded by asterisks, and that is surrounded by
the [delimiter](../../programmers/api-variables/variable-left-delimiter.md) tags like so:
## Examples
```smarty
{* this is a comment *}
```
Smarty comments are NOT displayed in the final output of the template,
unlike `<!-- HTML comments -->`. These are useful for making internal
notes in the templates which no one will see ;-)
```smarty
{* I am a Smarty comment, I don't exist in the compiled output *}
<html>
<head>
<title>{$title}</title>
</head>
<body>
{* another single line smarty comment *}
<!-- HTML comment that is sent to the browser -->
{* this multiline smarty
comment is
not sent to browser
*}
{*********************************************************
Multi line comment block with credits block
@ author: bg@example.com
@ maintainer: support@example.com
@ para: var that sets block style
@ css: the style output
**********************************************************}
{* The header file with the main logo and stuff *}
{include file='header.tpl'}
{* Dev note: the $includeFile var is assigned in foo.php script *}
<!-- Displays main content block -->
{include file=$includeFile}
{* this <select> block is redundant *}
{*
<select name="company">
{html_options options=$vals selected=$selected_id}
</select>
*}
<!-- Show header from affiliate is disabled -->
{* $affiliate|upper *}
{* you cannot nest comments *}
{*
<select name="company">
{* <option value="0">-- none -- </option> *}
{html_options options=$vals selected=$selected_id}
</select>
*}
</body>
</html>
```

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# Functions
Every Smarty tag either prints a [variable](./language-syntax-variables.md) or
invokes some sort of function. These are processed and displayed by
enclosing the function and its [attributes](./language-syntax-attributes.md)
within delimiters like so: `{funcname attr1="val1" attr2="val2"}`.
## Examples
```smarty
{config_load file="colors.conf"}
{include file="header.tpl"}
{insert file="banner_ads.tpl" title="My Site"}
{if $logged_in}
Welcome, <span style="color:{#fontColor#}">{$name}!</span>
{else}
hi, {$name}
{/if}
{include file="footer.tpl"}
```
- Both [built-in functions](../language-builtin-functions/index.md) and [custom
functions](../language-custom-functions/index.md) have the same syntax within
templates.
- Built-in functions are the **inner** workings of Smarty, such as
[`{if}`](../language-builtin-functions/language-function-if.md),
[`{section}`](../language-builtin-functions/language-function-section.md) and
[`{strip}`](../language-builtin-functions/language-function-strip.md). There should be no need to
change or modify them.
- Custom functions are **additional** functions implemented via
[plugins](../../programmers/plugins.md). They can be modified to your liking, or you can
create new ones. [`{html_options}`](../language-custom-functions/language-function-html-options.md)
is an example of a custom function.
See also [`registerPlugin()`](../../programmers/api-functions/api-register-plugin.md)

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# Embedding Vars in Double Quotes
- Smarty will recognize [assigned](../../programmers/api-functions/api-assign.md)
[variables](./language-syntax-variables.md) embedded in "double
quotes" so long as the variable name contains only numbers, letters
and under_scores. See [naming](https://www.php.net/language.variables)
for more detail.
- With any other characters, for example a period(.) or
`$object->reference`, then the variable must be surrounded by `` `backticks` ``.
- In addition, Smarty does allow embedded Smarty tags in double-quoted
strings. This is useful if you want to include variables with
modifiers, plugin or PHP function results.
## Examples
```smarty
{func var="test $foo test"} // sees $foo
{func var="test $foo_bar test"} // sees $foo_bar
{func var="test `$foo[0]` test"} // sees $foo[0]
{func var="test `$foo[bar]` test"} // sees $foo[bar]
{func var="test $foo.bar test"} // sees $foo (not $foo.bar)
{func var="test `$foo.bar` test"} // sees $foo.bar
{func var="test `$foo.bar` test"|escape} // modifiers outside quotes!
{func var="test {$foo|escape} test"} // modifiers inside quotes!
{func var="test {time()} test"} // PHP function result
{func var="test {counter} test"} // plugin result
{func var="variable foo is {if !$foo}not {/if} defined"} // Smarty block function
{* will replace $tpl_name with value *}
{include file="subdir/$tpl_name.tpl"}
{* does NOT replace $tpl_name *}
{include file='subdir/$tpl_name.tpl'} // vars require double quotes!
{* must have backticks as it contains a dot "." *}
{cycle values="one,two,`$smarty.config.myval`"}
{* must have backticks as it contains a dot "." *}
{include file="`$module.contact`.tpl"}
{* can use variable with dot syntax *}
{include file="`$module.$view`.tpl"}
```
> **Note**
>
> Although Smarty can handle some very complex expressions and syntax,
> it is a good rule of thumb to keep the template syntax minimal and
> focused on presentation. If you find your template syntax getting too
> complex, it may be a good idea to move the bits that do not deal
> explicitly with presentation to PHP by way of plugins or modifiers.
See also [`escape`](../language-modifiers/language-modifier-escape.md).

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# Variables
Template variables start with the $dollar sign. They can contain
numbers, letters and underscores, much like a [PHP
variable](https://www.php.net/language.variables). You can reference arrays
by index numerically or non-numerically. Also reference object
properties and methods.
[Config file variables](../language-variables/language-config-variables.md) are an exception to
the \$dollar syntax and are instead referenced with surrounding
\#hashmarks\#, or via the [`$smarty.config`](../language-variables/language-variables-smarty.md#smartyconfig-languagevariablessmartyconfig) variable.
## Examples
```smarty
{$foo} <-- displaying a simple variable (non array/object)
{$foo[4]} <-- display the 5th element of a zero-indexed array
{$foo.bar} <-- display the "bar" key value of an array, similar to PHP $foo['bar']
{$foo.$bar} <-- display variable key value of an array, similar to PHP $foo[$bar]
{$foo->bar} <-- display the object property "bar"
{$foo->bar()} <-- display the return value of object method "bar"
{#foo#} <-- display the config file variable "foo"
{$smarty.config.foo} <-- synonym for {#foo#}
{$foo[bar]} <-- syntax only valid in a section loop, see {section}
{assign var=foo value='baa'}{$foo} <-- displays "baa", see {assign}
Many other combinations are allowed
{$foo.bar.baz}
{$foo.$bar.$baz}
{$foo[4].baz}
{$foo[4].$baz}
{$foo.bar.baz[4]}
{$foo->bar($baz,2,$bar)} <-- passing parameters
{"foo"} <-- static values are allowed
{* display the server variable "SERVER_NAME" ($_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'])*}
{$smarty.server.SERVER_NAME}
Math and embedding tags:
{$x+$y} // will output the sum of x and y.
{assign var=foo value=$x+$y} // in attributes
{$foo[$x+3]} // as array index
{$foo={counter}+3} // tags within tags
{$foo="this is message {counter}"} // tags within double quoted strings
Defining Arrays:
{assign var=foo value=[1,2,3]}
{assign var=foo value=['y'=>'yellow','b'=>'blue']}
{assign var=foo value=[1,[9,8],3]} // can be nested
Short variable assignment:
{$foo=$bar+2}
{$foo = strlen($bar)} // function in assignment
{$foo = myfunct( ($x+$y)*3 )} // as function parameter
{$foo.bar=1} // assign to specific array element
{$foo.bar.baz=1}
{$foo[]=1} // appending to an array
Smarty "dot" syntax (note: embedded {} are used to address ambiguities):
{$foo.a.b.c} => $foo['a']['b']['c']
{$foo.a.$b.c} => $foo['a'][$b]['c'] // with variable index
{$foo.a.{$b+4}.c} => $foo['a'][$b+4]['c'] // with expression as index
{$foo.a.{$b.c}} => $foo['a'][$b['c']] // with nested index
PHP-like syntax, alternative to "dot" syntax:
{$foo[1]} // normal access
{$foo['bar']}
{$foo['bar'][1]}
{$foo[$x+$x]} // index may contain any expression
{$foo[$bar[1]]} // nested index
{$foo[section_name]} // smarty {section} access, not array access!
Variable variables:
$foo // normal variable
$foo_{$bar} // variable name containing other variable
$foo_{$x+$y} // variable name containing expressions
$foo_{$bar}_buh_{$blar} // variable name with multiple segments
{$foo_{$x}} // will output the variable $foo_1 if $x has a value of 1.
Object chaining:
{$object->method1($x)->method2($y)}
Direct PHP function access:
{time()}
```
> **Note**
>
> Although Smarty can handle some very complex expressions and syntax,
> it is a good rule of thumb to keep the template syntax minimal and
> focused on presentation. If you find your template syntax getting too
> complex, it may be a good idea to move the bits that do not deal
> explicitly with presentation to PHP by way of plugins or modifiers.
Request variables such as `$_GET`, `$_SESSION`, etc are available via
the reserved [`$smarty`](../language-variables/language-variables-smarty.md) variable.
See also [`$smarty`](../language-variables/language-variables-smarty.md), [config
variables](../language-variables/language-config-variables.md)
[`{assign}`](../language-builtin-functions/language-function-assign.md) and [`assign()`](../../programmers/api-functions/api-assign.md).

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# Built-in Functions
Smarty comes with several built-in functions. These built-in functions
are the integral part of the smarty template engine. They are compiled
into corresponding inline PHP code for maximum performance.
You cannot create your own [custom functions](../language-custom-functions/index.md) with the same name; and you
should not need to modify the built-in functions.
A few of these functions have an `assign` attribute which collects the
result the function to a named template variable instead of being
output; much like the [`{assign}`](language-function-assign.md) function.
- [{append}](language-function-append.md)
- [{assign} or {$var=...}](language-function-assign.md)
- [{block}](language-function-block.md)
- [{call}](language-function-call.md)
- [{capture}](language-function-capture.md)
- [{config_load}](language-function-config-load.md)
- [{debug}](language-function-debug.md)
- [{extends}](language-function-extends.md)
- [{for}](language-function-for.md)
- [{foreach}, {foreachelse}](language-function-foreach.md)
- [{function}](language-function-function.md)
- [{if}, {elseif}, {else}](language-function-if.md)
- [{include}](language-function-include.md)
- [{insert}](language-function-insert.md)
- [{ldelim}, {rdelim}](language-function-ldelim.md)
- [{literal}](language-function-literal.md)
- [{nocache}](language-function-nocache.md)
- [{section}, {sectionelse}](language-function-section.md)
- [{setfilter}](language-function-setfilter.md)
- [{strip}](language-function-strip.md)
- [{while}](language-function-while.md)

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# {append}
`{append}` is used for creating or appending template variable arrays
**during the execution of a template**.
## Attributes
| Attribute | Required | Description |
|-----------|------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| var | | The name of the variable being assigned |
| value | | The value being assigned |
| index | (optional) | The index for the new array element. If not specified the value is append to the end of the array. |
| scope | (optional) | The scope of the assigned variable: parent, root or global. Defaults to local if omitted. |
## Option Flags
| Name | Description |
|---------|-----------------------------------------------------|
| nocache | Assigns the variable with the 'nocache' attribute |
> **Note**
>
> Assignment of variables in-template is essentially placing application
> logic into the presentation that may be better handled in PHP. Use at
> your own discretion.
## Examples
```smarty
{append var='name' value='Bob' index='first'}
{append var='name' value='Meyer' index='last'}
// or
{append 'name' 'Bob' index='first'} {* short-hand *}
{append 'name' 'Meyer' index='last'} {* short-hand *}
The first name is {$name.first}.<br>
The last name is {$name.last}.
```
The above example will output:
The first name is Bob.
The last name is Meyer.
See also [`append()`](#api.append) and
[`getTemplateVars()`](#api.get.template.vars).

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# {assign}, {$var=...}
`{assign}` or `{$var=...}` is used for assigning template variables **during the
execution of a template**.
## Attributes of the {assign} syntax
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| var | | The name of the variable being assigned |
| value | | The value being assigned |
| scope | (optional) | The scope of the assigned variable: \'parent\',\'root\' or \'global\' |
## Attributes of the {$var=...} syntax
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| scope | (optional) | The scope of the assigned variable: \'parent\',\'root\' or \'global\' |
## Option Flags
| Name | Description |
|---------|---------------------------------------------------|
| nocache | Assigns the variable with the 'nocache' attribute |
> **Note**
>
> Assignment of variables in-template is essentially placing application
> logic into the presentation that may be better handled in PHP. Use at
> your own discretion.
## Examples
```smarty
{assign var="name" value="Bob"} {* or *}
{assign "name" "Bob"} {* short-hand, or *}
{$name='Bob'}
The value of $name is {$name}.
```
The above example will output:
```
The value of $name is Bob.
```
```smarty
{assign var="name" value="Bob" nocache} {* or *}
{assign "name" "Bob" nocache} {* short-hand, or *}
{$name='Bob' nocache}
The value of $name is {$name}.
```
The above example will output:
```
The value of $name is Bob.
```
```smarty
{assign var=running_total value=$running_total+$some_array[$row].some_value} {* or *}
{$running_total=$running_total+$some_array[row].some_value}
```
Variables assigned in the included template will be seen in the
including template.
```smarty
{include file="sub_template.tpl"}
{* display variable assigned in sub_template *}
{$foo}<br>
```
The template above includes the example `sub_template.tpl` below:
```smarty
{* foo will be known also in the including template *}
{assign var="foo" value="something" scope=parent}
{$foo="something" scope=parent}
{* bar is assigned only local in the including template *}
{assign var="bar" value="value"} {* or *}
{$var="value"}
```
You can assign a variable to root of the current root tree. The variable
is seen by all templates using the same root tree.
```smarty
{assign var=foo value="bar" scope="root"}
```
A global variable is seen by all templates.
```smarty
{assign var=foo value="bar" scope="global"} {* or *}
{assign "foo" "bar" scope="global"} {* short-hand, or *}
{$foo="bar" scope="global"}
```
To access `{assign}` variables from a php script use
[`getTemplateVars()`](../../programmers/api-functions/api-get-template-vars.md).
Here's the template that creates the variable `$foo`.
```smarty
{assign var="foo" value="Smarty"} {* or *}
{$foo="Smarty"}
```
The template variables are only available after/during template
execution as in the following script.
```php
<?php
// this will output nothing as the template has not been executed
echo $smarty->getTemplateVars('foo');
// fetch the template to a variable
$whole_page = $smarty->fetch('index.tpl');
// this will output 'smarty' as the template has been executed
echo $smarty->getTemplateVars('foo');
$smarty->assign('foo','Even smarter');
// this will output 'Even smarter'
echo $smarty->getTemplateVars('foo');
```
The following functions can also *optionally* assign template variables: [`{capture}`](#language.function.capture),
[`{include}`](#language.function.include),
[`{insert}`](#language.function.insert),
[`{counter}`](#language.function.counter),
[`{cycle}`](#language.function.cycle),
[`{eval}`](#language.function.eval),
[`{fetch}`](#language.function.fetch),
[`{math}`](#language.function.math) and
[`{textformat}`](#language.function.textformat).
See also [`{append}`](./language-function-append.md),
[`assign()`](#api.assign) and
[`getTemplateVars()`](#api.get.template.vars).

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# {block}
`{block}` is used to define a named area of template source for template
inheritance. For details see section of [Template
Inheritance](../../programmers/advanced-features/advanced-features-template-inheritance.md).
The `{block}` template source area of a child template will replace the
corresponding areas in the parent template(s).
Optionally `{block}` areas of child and parent templates can be merged
into each other. You can append or prepend the parent `{block}` content
by using the `append` or `prepend` option flag with the child's `{block}`
definition. With `{$smarty.block.parent}` the `{block}` content of
the parent template can be inserted at any location of the child
`{block}` content. `{$smarty.block.child}` inserts the `{block}` content
of the child template at any location of the parent `{block}`.
`{blocks}'s` can be nested.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|----------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| name | yes | The name of the template source block |
| assign | no | The name of variable to assign the output of the block to. |
> **Note**
>
> The assign attribute only works on the block that actually gets executed, so you may need
> to add it to each child block as well.
## Option Flags (in child templates only):
| Name | Description |
|---------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| append | The `{block}` content will be appended to the content of the parent template `{block}` |
| prepend | The `{block}` content will be prepended to the content of the parent template `{block}` |
| hide | Ignore the block content if no child block of same name is existing. |
| nocache | Disables caching of the `{block}` content |
## Examples
parent.tpl
```smarty
<html>
<head>
<title>{block name="title"}Default Title{/block}</title>
<title>{block "title"}Default Title{/block}</title> {* short-hand *}
</head>
</html>
```
child.tpl
```smarty
{extends file="parent.tpl"}
{block name="title"}
Page Title
{/block}
```
The result would look like
```html
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
</html>
```
parent.tpl
```smarty
<html>
<head>
<title>{block name="title"}Title - {/block}</title>
</head>
</html>
```
child.tpl
```smarty
{extends file="parent.tpl"}
{block name="title" append}
Page Title
{/block}
```
The result would look like
```html
<html>
<head>
<title>Title - Page Title</title>
</head>
</html>
```
parent.tpl
```smarty
<html>
<head>
<title>{block name="title"} is my title{/block}</title>
</head>
</html>
```
child.tpl
```smarty
{extends file="parent.tpl"}
{block name="title" prepend}
Page Title
{/block}
```
The result would look like
```html
<html>
<head>
<title>Page title is my titel</title>
</head>
</html>
```
parent.tpl
```smarty
<html>
<head>
<title>{block name="title"}The {$smarty.block.child} was inserted here{/block}</title>
</head>
</html>
```
child.tpl
```smarty
{extends file="parent.tpl"}
{block name="title"}
Child Title
{/block}
```
The result would look like
```html
<html>
<head>
<title>The Child Title was inserted here</title>
</head>
</html>
```
parent.tpl
```smarty
<html>
<head>
<title>{block name="title"}Parent Title{/block}</title>
</head>
</html>
```
child.tpl
```smarty
{extends file="parent.tpl"}
{block name="title"}
You will see now - {$smarty.block.parent} - here
{/block}
```
The result would look like
```html
<html>
<head>
<title>You will see now - Parent Title - here</title>
</head>
</html>
```
See also [Template
Inheritance](../../programmers/advanced-features/advanced-features-template-inheritance.md),
[`$smarty.block.parent`](../language-variables/language-variables-smarty.md#smartyblockparent-languagevariablessmartyblockparent),
[`$smarty.block.child`](../language-variables/language-variables-smarty.md#smartyblockchild-languagevariablessmartyblockchild), and
[`{extends}`](./language-function-extends.md)

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# {call}
`{call}` is used to call a template function defined by the
[`{function}`](./language-function-function.md) tag just like a plugin
function.
> **Note**
>
> Template functions are defined global. Since the Smarty compiler is a
> single-pass compiler, The `{call}` tag must
> be used to call a template function defined externally from the given
> template. Otherwise you can directly use the function as
> `{funcname ...}` in the template.
- The `{call}` tag must have the `name` attribute which contains the
name of the template function.
- Values for variables can be passed to the template function as
[attributes](../language-basic-syntax/language-syntax-attributes.md).
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|----------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| name | Yes | The name of the template function |
| assign | No | The name of the variable that the output of called template function will be assigned to |
| [var ...] | No | variable to pass local to template function |
## Option Flags
| Name | Description |
|---------|--------------------------------------------|
| nocache | Call the template function in nocache mode |
## Examples
```smarty
{* define the function *}
{function name=menu level=0}
<ul class="level{$level}">
{foreach $data as $entry}
{if is_array($entry)}
<li>{$entry@key}</li>
{call name=menu data=$entry level=$level+1}
{else}
<li>{$entry}</li>
{/if}
{/foreach}
</ul>
{/function}
{* create an array to demonstrate *}
{$menu = ['item1','item2','item3' => ['item3-1','item3-2','item3-3' =>
['item3-3-1','item3-3-2']],'item4']}
{* run the array through the function *}
{call name=menu data=$menu}
{call menu data=$menu} {* short-hand *}
```
Will generate the following output
```
* item1
* item2
* item3
o item3-1
o item3-2
o item3-3
+ item3-3-1
+ item3-3-2
* item4
```
See also [`{function}`](./language-function-function.md).

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# {capture}
`{capture}` is used to collect the output of the template between the
tags into a variable instead of displaying it. Any content between
`{capture name='foo'}` and `{/capture}` is collected into the variable
specified in the `name` attribute.
The captured content can be used in the template from the variable
[`$smarty.capture.foo`](../language-variables/language-variables-smarty.md#smartycapture-languagevariablessmartycapture) where "foo"
is the value passed in the `name` attribute. If you do not supply the
`name` attribute, then "default" will be used as the name ie
`$smarty.capture.default`.
`{capture}'s` can be nested.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|----------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| name | Yes | The name of the captured block |
| assign | No | The variable name where to assign the captured output to |
| append | No | The name of an array variable where to append the captured output to |
## Option Flags
| Name | Description |
|---------|-----------------------------------------|
| nocache | Disables caching of this captured block |
> **Note**
>
> Be careful when capturing [`{insert}`](#language.function.insert)
> output. If you have [`$caching`](#caching) enabled and you have
> [`{insert}`](#language.function.insert) commands that you expect to
> run within cached content, do not capture this content.
## Examples
```smarty
{* we don't want to print a div tag unless content is displayed *}
{capture name="banner"}
{capture "banner"} {* short-hand *}
{include file="get_banner.tpl"}
{/capture}
{if $smarty.capture.banner ne ""}
<div id="banner">{$smarty.capture.banner}</div>
{/if}
```
This example demonstrates the capture function.
```smarty
{capture name=some_content assign=popText}
{capture some_content assign=popText} {* short-hand *}
The server is {$my_server_name|upper} at {$my_server_addr}<br>
Your ip is {$my_ip}.
{/capture}
<a href="#">{$popText}</a>
```
This example also demonstrates how multiple calls of capture can be used
to create an array with captured content.
```smarty
{capture append="foo"}hello{/capture}I say just {capture append="foo"}world{/capture}
{foreach $foo as $text}{$text} {/foreach}
```
The above example will output:
```
I say just hello world
```
See also [`$smarty.capture`](../language-variables/language-variables-smarty.md#smartycapture-languagevariablessmartycapture),
[`{eval}`](../language-custom-functions/language-function-eval.md),
[`{fetch}`](../language-custom-functions/language-function-fetch.md), [`fetch()`](../../programmers/api-functions/api-fetch.md) and
[`{assign}`](./language-function-assign.md).

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# {config_load}
`{config_load}` is used for loading config
[`#variables#`](#language.config.variables) from a [configuration file](#config.files) into the template.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|----------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| file | Yes | The name of the config file to include |
| section | No | The name of the section to load |
| scope | no | How the scope of the loaded variables are treated, which must be one of local, parent or global. local means variables are loaded into the local template context. parent means variables are loaded into both the local context and the parent template that called it. global means variables are available to all templates. |
## Examples
The `example.conf` file.
```ini
#this is config file comment
# global variables
pageTitle = "Main Menu"
bodyBgColor = #000000
tableBgColor = #000000
rowBgColor = #00ff00
#customer variables section
[Customer]
pageTitle = "Customer Info"
```
and the template
```smarty
{config_load file="example.conf"}
{config_load "example.conf"} {* short-hand *}
<html>
<title>{#pageTitle#|default:"No title"}</title>
<body bgcolor="{#bodyBgColor#}">
<table border="{#tableBorderSize#}" bgcolor="{#tableBgColor#}">
<tr bgcolor="{#rowBgColor#}">
<td>First</td>
<td>Last</td>
<td>Address</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
```
[Config Files](#config.files) may also contain sections. You can load
variables from within a section with the added attribute `section`. Note
that global config variables are always loaded along with section
variables, and same-named section variables overwrite the globals.
> **Note**
>
> Config file *sections* and the built-in template function called
> [`{section}`](../language-builtin-functions/language-function-section.md) have nothing to do with each
> other, they just happen to share a common naming convention.
```smarty
{config_load file='example.conf' section='Customer'}
{config_load 'example.conf' 'Customer'} {* short-hand *}
<html>
<title>{#pageTitle#}</title>
<body bgcolor="{#bodyBgColor#}">
<table border="{#tableBorderSize#}" bgcolor="{#tableBgColor#}">
<tr bgcolor="{#rowBgColor#}">
<td>First</td>
<td>Last</td>
<td>Address</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
```
See [`$config_overwrite`](../../programmers/api-variables/variable-config-overwrite.md) to create arrays
of config file variables.
See also the [config files](../config-files.md) page, [config variables](../language-variables/language-config-variables.md) page,
[`$config_dir`](../../programmers/api-variables/variable-config-dir.md),
[`getConfigVars()`](../../programmers/api-functions/api-get-config-vars.md) and
[`configLoad()`](../../programmers/api-functions/api-config-load.md).

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# {debug}
`{debug}` dumps the debug console to the page. This works regardless of
the [debug](../chapter-debugging-console.md) settings in the php script.
Since this gets executed at runtime, this is only able to show the
[assigned](../../programmers/api-functions/api-assign.md) variables; not the templates that are in use.
However, you can see all the currently available variables within the
scope of a template.
If caching is enabled and a page is loaded from cache `{debug}` does
show only the variables which assigned for the cached page.
In order to see also the variables which have been locally assigned
within the template it does make sense to place the `{debug}` tag at the
end of the template.
See also the [debugging console page](../chapter-debugging-console.md).

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# {extends}
`{extends}` tags are used in child templates in template inheritance for
extending parent templates. For details see section of [Template
Inheritance](../../programmers/advanced-features/advanced-features-template-inheritance.md).
- The `{extends}` tag must be on the first line of the template.
- If a child template extends a parent template with the `{extends}`
tag it may contain only `{block}` tags. Any other template content
is ignored.
- Use the syntax for [template resources](../../programmers/resources.md) to extend files
outside the [`$template_dir`](../../programmers/api-variables/variable-template-dir.md) directory.
## Attributes
| Attribute | Required | Description |
|-----------|----------|-------------------------------------------------|
| file | Yes | The name of the template file which is extended |
> **Note**
>
> When extending a variable parent like `{extends file=$parent_file}`,
> make sure you include `$parent_file` in the
> [`$compile_id`](../../programmers/api-variables/variable-compile-id.md). Otherwise, Smarty cannot
> distinguish between different `$parent_file`s.
## Examples
```smarty
{extends file='parent.tpl'}
{extends 'parent.tpl'} {* short-hand *}
```
See also [Template Inheritance](../../programmers/advanced-features/advanced-features-template-inheritance.md)
and [`{block}`](./language-function-block.md).

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# {for}
The `{for}{forelse}` tag is used to create simple loops. The following different formats are supported:
- `{for $var=$start to $end}` simple loop with step size of 1.
- `{for $var=$start to $end step $step}` loop with individual step
size.
`{forelse}` is executed when the loop is not iterated.
## Attributes
| Attribute | Required | Description |
|-----------|----------|--------------------------------|
| max | No | Limit the number of iterations |
## Option Flags
| Name | Description |
|---------|--------------------------------------|
| nocache | Disables caching of the `{for}` loop |
## Examples
```smarty
<ul>
{for $foo=1 to 3}
<li>{$foo}</li>
{/for}
</ul>
```
The above example will output:
```html
<ul>
<li>1</li>
<li>2</li>
<li>3</li>
</ul>
```
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('to',10);
```
```smarty
<ul>
{for $foo=3 to $to max=3}
<li>{$foo}</li>
{/for}
</ul>
```
The above example will output:
```html
<ul>
<li>3</li>
<li>4</li>
<li>5</li>
</ul>
```
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('start',10);
$smarty->assign('to',5);
```
```smarty
<ul>
{for $foo=$start to $to}
<li>{$foo}</li>
{forelse}
no iteration
{/for}
</ul>
```
The above example will output:
```
no iteration
```
See also [`{foreach}`](./language-function-foreach.md),
[`{section}`](./language-function-section.md) and
[`{while}`](./language-function-while.md)

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# {foreach},{foreachelse}
`{foreach}` is used for looping over arrays of data. `{foreach}` has a
simpler and cleaner syntax than the
[`{section}`](./language-function-section.md) loop, and can also loop over
associative arrays.
## Option Flags
| Name | Description |
|---------|------------------------------------------|
| nocache | Disables caching of the `{foreach}` loop |
## Examples
```smarty
{foreach $arrayvar as $itemvar}
{$itemvar|escape}
{/foreach}
{foreach $arrayvar as $keyvar=>$itemvar}
{$keyvar}: {$itemvar|escape}
{/foreach}
```
> **Note**
>
> This foreach syntax does not accept any named attributes. This syntax
> is new to Smarty 3, however the Smarty 2.x syntax
> `{foreach from=$myarray key="mykey" item="myitem"}` is still
> supported.
- `{foreach}` loops can be nested.
- The `array` variable, usually an array of values, determines the
number of times `{foreach}` will loop. You can also pass an integer
for arbitrary loops.
- `{foreachelse}` is executed when there are no values in the `array`
variable.
- `{foreach}` properties are [`@index`](#index),
[`@iteration`](#iteration),
[`@first`](#first),
[`@last`](#last),
[`@show`](#show),
[`@total`](#total).
- `{foreach}` constructs are [`{break}`](#break),
[`{continue}`](#continue).
- Instead of specifying the `key` variable you can access the current
key of the loop item by `{$item@key}` (see examples below).
> **Note**
>
> The `$var@property` syntax is new to Smarty 3, however when using the
> Smarty 2 `{foreach from=$myarray key="mykey" item="myitem"}` style
> syntax, the `$smarty.foreach.name.property` syntax is still supported.
> **Note**
>
> Although you can retrieve the array key with the syntax
> `{foreach $myArray as $myKey => $myValue}`, the key is always
> available as `$myValue@key` within the foreach loop.
```php
<?php
$arr = array('red', 'green', 'blue');
$smarty->assign('myColors', $arr);
```
Template to output `$myColors` in an un-ordered list
```smarty
<ul>
{foreach $myColors as $color}
<li>{$color}</li>
{/foreach}
</ul>
```
The above example will output:
```html
<ul>
<li>red</li>
<li>green</li>
<li>blue</li>
</ul>
```
```php
<?php
$people = array('fname' => 'John', 'lname' => 'Doe', 'email' => 'j.doe@example.com');
$smarty->assign('myPeople', $people);
```
Template to output `$myArray` as key/value pairs.
```smarty
<ul>
{foreach $myPeople as $value}
<li>{$value@key}: {$value}</li>
{/foreach}
</ul>
```
The above example will output:
```html
<ul>
<li>fname: John</li>
<li>lname: Doe</li>
<li>email: j.doe@example.com</li>
</ul>
```
Assign an array to Smarty, the key contains the key for each looped
value.
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign(
'contacts',
[
['phone' => '555-555-1234', 'fax' => '555-555-5678', 'cell' => '555-555-0357'],
['phone' => '800-555-4444', 'fax' => '800-555-3333', 'cell' => '800-555-2222'],
]
);
```
The template to output `$contact`.
```smarty
{* key always available as a property *}
{foreach $contacts as $contact}
{foreach $contact as $value}
{$value@key}: {$value}
{/foreach}
{/foreach}
{* accessing key the PHP syntax alternate *}
{foreach $contacts as $contact}
{foreach $contact as $key => $value}
{$key}: {$value}
{/foreach}
{/foreach}
```
Either of the above examples will output:
```
phone: 555-555-1234
fax: 555-555-5678
cell: 555-555-0357
phone: 800-555-4444
fax: 800-555-3333
cell: 800-555-2222
```
A database (PDO) example of looping over search results. This example is
looping over a PHP iterator instead of an array().
```php
<?php
include('Smarty.class.php');
$smarty = new Smarty;
$dsn = 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=test';
$login = 'test';
$passwd = 'test';
// setting PDO to use buffered queries in mysql is
// important if you plan on using multiple result cursors
// in the template.
$db = new PDO($dsn, $login, $passwd, array(
PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_USE_BUFFERED_QUERY => true));
$res = $db->prepare("select * from users");
$res->execute();
$res->setFetchMode(PDO::FETCH_LAZY);
// assign to smarty
$smarty->assign('res',$res);
$smarty->display('index.tpl');?>
```
```smarty
{foreach $res as $r}
{$r.id}
{$r.name}
{foreachelse}
.. no results ..
{/foreach}
```
The above is assuming the results contain the columns named `id` and
`name`.
What is the advantage of an iterator vs. looping over a plain old array?
With an array, all the results are accumulated into memory before being
looped. With an iterator, each result is loaded/released within the
loop. This saves processing time and memory, especially for very large
result sets.
## @index
`index` contains the current array index, starting with zero.
```smarty
{* output empty row on the 4th iteration (when index is 3) *}
<table>
{foreach $items as $i}
{if $i@index eq 3}
{* put empty table row *}
<tr><td>nbsp;</td></tr>
{/if}
<tr><td>{$i.label}</td></tr>
{/foreach}
</table>
```
## @iteration
`iteration` contains the current loop iteration and always starts at
one, unlike [`index`](#index). It is incremented by one
on each iteration.
The *"is div by"* operator can be used to detect a specific iteration.
Here we bold-face the name every 4th iteration.
```smarty
{foreach $myNames as $name}
{if $name@iteration is div by 4}
<b>{$name}</b>
{/if}
{$name}
{/foreach}
```
The *"is even by"* and *"is odd by"* operators can be used to
alternate something every so many iterations. Choosing between even or
odd rotates which one starts. Here we switch the font color every 3rd
iteration.
```smarty
{foreach $myNames as $name}
{if $name@iteration is even by 3}
<span style="color: #000">{$name}</span>
{else}
<span style="color: #eee">{$name}</span>
{/if}
{/foreach}
```
This will output something similar to this:
```html
<span style="color: #000">...</span>
<span style="color: #000">...</span>
<span style="color: #000">...</span>
<span style="color: #eee">...</span>
<span style="color: #eee">...</span>
<span style="color: #eee">...</span>
<span style="color: #000">...</span>
<span style="color: #000">...</span>
<span style="color: #000">...</span>
<span style="color: #eee">...</span>
<span style="color: #eee">...</span>
<span style="color: #eee">...</span>
...
```
## @first
`first` is TRUE if the current `{foreach}` iteration is the initial one.
Here we display a table header row on the first iteration.
```smarty
{* show table header at first iteration *}
<table>
{foreach $items as $i}
{if $i@first}
<tr>
<th>key</td>
<th>name</td>
</tr>
{/if}
<tr>
<td>{$i@key}</td>
<td>{$i.name}</td>
</tr>
{/foreach}
</table>
```
## @last
`last` is set to TRUE if the current `{foreach}` iteration is the final
one. Here we display a horizontal rule on the last iteration.
```smarty
{* Add horizontal rule at end of list *}
{foreach $items as $item}
<a href="#{$item.id}">{$item.name}</a>{if $item@last}<hr>{else},{/if}
{foreachelse}
... no items to loop ...
{/foreach}
```
## @show
The show `show` property can be used after the execution of a
`{foreach}` loop to detect if data has been displayed or not. `show` is
a boolean value.
```smarty
<ul>
{foreach $myArray as $name}
<li>{$name}</li>
{/foreach}
</ul>
{if $name@show} do something here if the array contained data {/if}
```
## @total
`total` contains the number of iterations that this `{foreach}` will
loop. This can be used inside or after the `{foreach}`.
```smarty
{* show number of rows at end *}
{foreach $items as $item}
{$item.name}<hr/>
{if $item@last}
<div id="total">{$item@total} items</div>
{/if}
{foreachelse}
... no items to loop ...
{/foreach}
```
See also [`{section}`](./language-function-section.md),
[`{for}`](./language-function-for.md) and
[`{while}`](./language-function-while.md)
## {break}
`{break}` aborts the iteration of the array
```smarty
{$data = [1,2,3,4,5]}
{foreach $data as $value}
{if $value == 3}
{* abort iterating the array *}
{break}
{/if}
{$value}
{/foreach}
{*
prints: 1 2
*}
```
## {continue}
`{continue}` leaves the current iteration and begins with the next
iteration.
```smarty
{$data = [1,2,3,4,5]}
{foreach $data as $value}
{if $value == 3}
{* skip this iteration *}
{continue}
{/if}
{$value}
{/foreach}
{*
prints: 1 2 4 5
*}
```

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# {function}
`{function}` is used to create functions within a template and call them
just like a plugin function. Instead of writing a plugin that generates
presentational content, keeping it in the template is often a more
manageable choice. It also simplifies data traversal, such as deeply
nested menus.
> **Note**
>
> Template functions are defined global. Since the Smarty compiler is a
> single-pass compiler, The [`{call}`](#language.function.call) tag must
> be used to call a template function defined externally from the given
> template. Otherwise, you can directly use the function as
> `{funcname ...}` in the template.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|----------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| name | Yes | The name of the template function |
| \[var \...\] | No | default variable value to pass local to the template function |
- The `{function}` tag must have the `name` attribute which contains
the name of the template function. A tag with this name can be
used to call the template function.
- Default values for variables can be passed to the template function
as [attributes](../language-basic-syntax/language-syntax-attributes.md). Like in PHP function
declarations you can only use scalar values as default. The default
values can be overwritten when the template function is being
called.
- You can use all variables from the calling template inside the
template function. Changes to variables or new created variables
inside the template function have local scope and are not visible
inside the calling template after the template function is executed.
> **Note**
>
> You can pass any number of parameter to the template function when it
> is called. The parameter variables must not be declared in the
> `{funcname ...}` tag unless you what to use default values. Default
> values must be scalar and can not be variable. Variables must be
> passed when the template is called.
## Examples
```smarty
{* define the function *}
{function name=menu level=0}
{function menu level=0} {* short-hand *}
<ul class="level{$level}">
{foreach $data as $entry}
{if is_array($entry)}
<li>{$entry@key}</li>
{menu data=$entry level=$level+1}
{else}
<li>{$entry}</li>
{/if}
{/foreach}
</ul>
{/function}
{* create an array to demonstrate *}
{$menu = ['item1','item2','item3' => ['item3-1','item3-2','item3-3' =>
['item3-3-1','item3-3-2']],'item4']}
{* run the array through the function *}
{menu data=$menu}
```
Will generate the following output
```
* item1
* item2
* item3
o item3-1
o item3-2
o item3-3
+ item3-3-1
+ item3-3-2
* item4
```
See also [`{call}`](./language-function-call.md)

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# {if},{elseif},{else}
`{if}` statements in Smarty have much the same flexibility as PHP
[if](https://www.php.net/if) statements, with a few added features for the
template engine. Every `{if}` must be paired with a matching `{/if}`.
`{else}` and `{elseif}` are also permitted. All PHP conditionals and
functions are recognized, such as *\|\|*, *or*, *&&*, *and*,
*is_array()*, etc.
If security is enabled, only PHP functions from `$php_functions` property
of the security policy are allowed. See the
[Security](../../programmers/advanced-features/advanced-features-security.md) section for details.
The following is a list of recognized qualifiers, which must be
separated from surrounding elements by spaces. Note that items listed in
\[brackets\] are optional. PHP equivalents are shown where applicable.
## Qualifiers
| Qualifier | Alternates | Syntax Example | Meaning | PHP Equivalent |
|--------------------|------------|----------------------|--------------------------------|--------------------|
| == | eq | $a eq $b | equals | == |
| != | ne, neq | $a neq $b | not equals | != |
| > | gt | $a gt $b | greater than | > |
| < | lt | $a lt $b | less than | < |
| >= | gte, ge | $a ge $b | greater than or equal | >= |
| <= | lte, le | $a le $b | less than or equal | <= |
| === | | $a === 0 | check for identity | === |
| ! | not | not $a | negation (unary) | ! |
| % | mod | $a mod $b | modulo | % |
| is \[not\] div by | | $a is not div by 4 | divisible by | $a % $b == 0 |
| is \[not\] even | | $a is not even | \[not\] an even number (unary) | $a % 2 == 0 |
| is \[not\] even by | | $a is not even by $b | grouping level \[not\] even | ($a / $b) % 2 == 0 |
| is \[not\] odd | | $a is not odd | \[not\] an odd number (unary) | $a % 2 != 0 |
| is \[not\] odd by | | $a is not odd by $b | \[not\] an odd grouping | ($a / $b) % 2 != 0 |
## Examples
```smarty
{if $name eq 'Fred'}
Welcome Sir.
{elseif $name eq 'Wilma'}
Welcome Ma'am.
{else}
Welcome, whatever you are.
{/if}
{* an example with "or" logic *}
{if $name eq 'Fred' or $name eq 'Wilma'}
...
{/if}
{* same as above *}
{if $name == 'Fred' || $name == 'Wilma'}
...
{/if}
{* parenthesis are allowed *}
{if ( $amount < 0 or $amount > 1000 ) and $volume >= #minVolAmt#}
...
{/if}
{* you can also embed php function calls *}
{if count($var) gt 0}
...
{/if}
{* check for array. *}
{if is_array($foo) }
.....
{/if}
{* check for not null. *}
{if isset($foo) }
.....
{/if}
{* test if values are even or odd *}
{if $var is even}
...
{/if}
{if $var is odd}
...
{/if}
{if $var is not odd}
...
{/if}
{* test if var is divisible by 4 *}
{if $var is div by 4}
...
{/if}
{*
test if var is even, grouped by two. i.e.,
0=even, 1=even, 2=odd, 3=odd, 4=even, 5=even, etc.
*}
{if $var is even by 2}
...
{/if}
{* 0=even, 1=even, 2=even, 3=odd, 4=odd, 5=odd, etc. *}
{if $var is even by 3}
...
{/if}
{if isset($name) && $name == 'Blog'}
{* do something *}
{elseif $name == $foo}
{* do something *}
{/if}
{if is_array($foo) && count($foo) > 0}
{* do a foreach loop *}
{/if}
```

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# {include}
`{include}` tags are used for including other templates in the current
template. Any variables available in the current template are also
available within the included template.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|----------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| file | Yes | The name of the template file to include |
| assign | No | The name of the variable that the output of include will be assigned to |
| cache_lifetime | No | Enable caching of this subtemplate with an individual cache lifetime |
| compile_id | No | Compile this subtemplate with an individual compile_id |
| cache_id | No | Enable caching of this subtemplate with an individual cache_id |
| scope | No | Define the scope of all in the subtemplate assigned variables: 'parent','root' or 'global' |
| \[var \...\] | No | variable to pass local to template |
- The `{include}` tag must have the `file` attribute which contains
the template resource path.
- Setting the optional `assign` attribute specifies the template
variable that the output of `{include}` is assigned to, instead of
being displayed. Similar to [`{assign}`](./language-function-assign.md).
- Variables can be passed to included templates as
[attributes](../language-basic-syntax/language-syntax-attributes.md). Any variables explicitly
passed to an included template are only available within the scope
of the included file. Attribute variables override current template
variables, in the case when they are named the same.
- You can use all variables from the including template inside the
included template. But changes to variables or new created variables
inside the included template have local scope and are not visible
inside the including template after the `{include}` statement. This
default behaviour can be changed for all variables assigned in the
included template by using the scope attribute at the `{include}`
statement or for individual variables by using the scope attribute
at the [`{assign}`](./language-function-assign.md) statement. The later
is useful to return values from the included template to the
including template.
- Use the syntax for [template resources](../../programmers/resources.md) to `{include}`
files outside of the [`$template_dir`](../../programmers/api-variables/variable-template-dir.md)
directory.
## Option Flags
| Name | Description |
|---------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| nocache | Disables caching of this subtemplate |
| caching | Enable caching of this subtemplate |
| inline | If set, merge the compile-code of the subtemplate into the compiled calling template |
## Examples
```smarty
<html>
<head>
<title>{$title}</title>
</head>
<body>
{include file='page_header.tpl'}
{* body of template goes here, the $tpl_name variable
is replaced with a value eg 'contact.tpl'
*}
{include file="$tpl_name.tpl"}
{* using shortform file attribute *}
{include 'page_footer.tpl'}
</body>
</html>
```
```smarty
{include 'links.tpl' title='Newest links' links=$link_array}
{* body of template goes here *}
{include 'footer.tpl' foo='bar'}
```
The template above includes the example `links.tpl` below
```smarty
<div id="box">
<h3>{$title}{/h3>
<ul>
{foreach from=$links item=l}
.. do stuff ...
</foreach}
</ul>
</div>
```
Variables assigned in the included template will be seen in the
including template.
```smarty
{include 'sub_template.tpl' scope=parent}
...
{* display variables assigned in sub_template *}
{$foo}<br>
{$bar}<br>
...
```
The template above includes the example `sub_template.tpl` below
```smarty
...
{assign var=foo value='something'}
{assign var=bar value='value'}
...
```
The included template will not be cached.
```smarty
{include 'sub_template.tpl' nocache}
...
```
In this example included template will be cached with an individual
cache lifetime of 500 seconds.
```smarty
{include 'sub_template.tpl' cache_lifetime=500}
...
```
In this example included template will be cached independent of the
global caching setting.
```smarty
{include 'sub_template.tpl' caching}
...
```
This example assigns the contents of `nav.tpl` to the `$navbar`
variable, which is then output at both the top and bottom of the page.
```smarty
<body>
{include 'nav.tpl' assign=navbar}
{include 'header.tpl' title='Smarty is cool'}
{$navbar}
{* body of template goes here *}
{$navbar}
{include 'footer.tpl'}
</body>
```
This example includes another template relative to the directory of the
current template.
```smarty
{include 'template-in-a-template_dir-directory.tpl'}
{include './template-in-same-directory.tpl'}
{include '../template-in-parent-directory.tpl'}
```
```smarty
{* absolute filepath *}
{include file='/usr/local/include/templates/header.tpl'}
{* absolute filepath (same thing) *}
{include file='file:/usr/local/include/templates/header.tpl'}
{* windows absolute filepath (MUST use "file:" prefix) *}
{include file='file:C:/www/pub/templates/header.tpl'}
{* include from template resource named "db" *}
{include file='db:header.tpl'}
{* include a $variable template - eg $module = 'contacts' *}
{include file="$module.tpl"}
{* wont work as its single quotes ie no variable substitution *}
{include file='$module.tpl'}
{* include a multi $variable template - eg amber/links.view.tpl *}
{include file="$style_dir/$module.$view.tpl"}
```
See also [`{insert}`](./language-function-insert.md), [template resources](../../programmers/resources.md) and
[componentized templates](../../appendixes/tips.md#componentized-templates).

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# {insert}
> **Note**
>
> `{insert}` tags are deprecated from Smarty, and should not be used.
> Put your PHP logic in PHP scripts or plugin functions instead.
> As of Smarty 3.1 the `{insert}` tags are only available from
> [SmartyBC](#bc).
`{insert}` tags work much like [`{include}`](./language-function-include.md)
tags, except that `{insert}` tags are NOT cached when template
[caching](../../programmers/caching.md) is enabled. They will be executed on every
invocation of the template.
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|----------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| name | Yes | The name of the insert function (insert_`name`) or insert plugin |
| assign | No | The name of the template variable the output will be assigned to |
| script | No | The name of the php script that is included before the insert function is called |
| \[var \...\] | No | variable to pass to insert function |
## Examples
Let's say you have a template with a banner slot at the top of the
page. The banner can contain any mixture of HTML, images, flash, etc. so
we can't just use a static link here, and we don't want this contents
cached with the page. In comes the {insert} tag: the template knows
\#banner\_location\_id\# and \#site\_id\# values (gathered from a
[config file](../config-files.md)), and needs to call a function to get the
banner contents.
```smarty
{* example of fetching a banner *}
{insert name="getBanner" lid=#banner_location_id# sid=#site_id#}
{insert "getBanner" lid=#banner_location_id# sid=#site_id#} {* short-hand *}
```
In this example, we are using the name "getBanner" and passing the
parameters \#banner\_location\_id\# and \#site\_id\#. Smarty will look
for a function named insert\_getBanner() in your PHP application,
passing the values of \#banner\_location\_id\# and \#site\_id\# as the
first argument in an associative array. All {insert} function names in
your application must be prepended with "insert_" to remedy possible
function name-space conflicts. Your insert\_getBanner() function should
do something with the passed values and return the results. These
results are then displayed in the template in place of the {insert} tag.
In this example, Smarty would call this function:
insert_getBanner(array("lid" => "12345","sid" => "67890"));
and display the returned results in place of the {insert} tag.
- If you supply the `assign` attribute, the output of the `{insert}`
tag will be assigned to this template variable instead of being
output to the template.
> **Note**
>
> Assigning the output to a template variable isn't too useful with
> [caching](../../programmers/api-variables/variable-caching.md) enabled.
- If you supply the `script` attribute, this php script will be
included (only once) before the `{insert}` function is executed.
This is the case where the insert function may not exist yet, and a
php script must be included first to make it work.
The path can be either absolute, or relative to
[`$trusted_dir`](../../programmers/api-variables/variable-trusted-dir.md). If security is enabled,
then the script must be located in the `$trusted_dir` path of the
security policy. See the [Security](../../programmers/advanced-features/advanced-features-security.md)
section for details.
The Smarty object is passed as the second argument. This way you can
reference and modify information in the Smarty object from within the
`{insert}` function.
If no PHP script can be found Smarty is looking for a corresponding
insert plugin.
> **Note**
>
> It is possible to have portions of the template not cached. If you
> have [caching](../../programmers/api-variables/variable-caching.md) turned on, `{insert}` tags will not be
> cached. They will run dynamically every time the page is created, even
> within cached pages. This works good for things like banners, polls,
> live weather, search results, user feedback areas, etc.
See also [`{include}`](./language-function-include.md)

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# {ldelim}, {rdelim}
`{ldelim}` and `{rdelim}` are used for [escaping](../language-basic-syntax/language-escaping.md)
template delimiters, by default **{** and **}**. You can also use
[`{literal}{/literal}`](./language-function-literal.md) to escape blocks of
text eg Javascript or CSS. See also the complementary
[`{$smarty.ldelim}`](../../programmers/api-variables/variable-left-delimiter.md).
```smarty
{* this will print literal delimiters out of the template *}
{ldelim}funcname{rdelim} is how functions look in Smarty!
```
The above example will output:
```
{funcname} is how functions look in Smarty!
```
Another example with some Javascript
```smarty
<script>
function foo() {ldelim}
... code ...
{rdelim}
</script>
```
will output
```html
<script>
function foo() {
.... code ...
}
</script>
```
```smarty
<script>
function myJsFunction(){ldelim}
alert("The server name\n{$smarty.server.SERVER_NAME|escape:javascript}\n{$smarty.server.SERVER_ADDR|escape:javascript}");
{rdelim}
</script>
<a href="javascript:myJsFunction()">Click here for Server Info</a>
```
See also [`{literal}`](./language-function-literal.md) and [escaping Smarty
parsing](../language-basic-syntax/language-escaping.md).

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# {literal}
`{literal}` tags allow a block of data to be taken literally. This is
typically used around Javascript or stylesheet blocks where {curly
braces} would interfere with the template
[delimiter](../../programmers/api-variables/variable-left-delimiter.md) syntax. Anything within
`{literal}{/literal}` tags is not interpreted, but displayed as-is. If
you need template tags embedded in a `{literal}` block, consider using
[`{ldelim}{rdelim}`](./language-function-ldelim.md) to escape the individual
delimiters instead.
> **Note**
>
> `{literal}{/literal}` tags are normally not necessary, as Smarty
> ignores delimiters that are surrounded by whitespace. Be sure your
> javascript and CSS curly braces are surrounded by whitespace. This is
> new behavior to Smarty 3.
```smarty
<script>
// the following braces are ignored by Smarty
// since they are surrounded by whitespace
function myFoo {
alert('Foo!');
}
// this one will need literal escapement
{literal}
function myBar {alert('Bar!');}
{/literal}
</script>
```
See also [`{ldelim} {rdelim}`](./language-function-ldelim.md) and the
[escaping Smarty parsing](../language-basic-syntax/language-escaping.md) page.

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# {nocache}
`{nocache}` is used to disable caching of a template section. Every
`{nocache}` must be paired with a matching `{/nocache}`.
> **Note**
>
> Be sure any variables used within a non-cached section are also
> assigned from PHP when the page is loaded from the cache.
```smarty
Today's date is
{nocache}
{$smarty.now|date_format}
{/nocache}
```
The above code will output the current date on a cached page.
See also the [caching section](../../programmers/caching.md).

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# {section}, {sectionelse}
A `{section}` is for looping over **sequentially indexed arrays of
data**, unlike [`{foreach}`](./language-function-foreach.md) which is used
to loop over a **single associative array**. Every `{section}` tag must
be paired with a closing `{/section}` tag.
> **Note**
>
> The [`{foreach}`](./language-function-foreach.md) loop can do everything a
> {section} loop can do, and has a simpler and easier syntax. It is
> usually preferred over the {section} loop.
> **Note**
>
> {section} loops cannot loop over associative arrays, they must be
> numerically indexed, and sequential (0,1,2,\...). For associative
> arrays, use the [`{foreach}`](./language-function-foreach.md) loop.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|----------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| name | Yes | The name of the section |
| loop | Yes | Value to determine the number of loop iterations |
| start | No | The index position that the section will begin looping. If the value is negative, the start position is calculated from the end of the array. For example, if there are seven values in the loop array and start is -2, the start index is 5. Invalid values (values outside of the length of the loop array) are automatically truncated to the closest valid value. Defaults to 0. |
| step | No | The step value that will be used to traverse the loop array. For example, step=2 will loop on index 0, 2, 4, etc. If step is negative, it will step through the array backwards. Defaults to 1. |
| max | No | Sets the maximum number of times the section will loop. |
| show | No | Determines whether to show this section (defaults to true) |
## Option Flags
| Name | Description |
|---------|------------------------------------------|
| nocache | Disables caching of the `{section}` loop |
- Required attributes are `name` and `loop`.
- The `name` of the `{section}` can be anything you like, made up of
letters, numbers and underscores, like [PHP
variables](https://www.php.net/language.variables).
- {section}'s can be nested, and the nested `{section}` names must be
unique from each other.
- The `loop` attribute, usually an array of values, determines the
number of times the `{section}` will loop. You can also pass an
integer as the loop value.
- When printing a variable within a `{section}`, the `{section}`
`name` must be given next to variable name within \[brackets\].
- `{sectionelse}` is executed when there are no values in the loop
variable.
- A `{section}` also has its own variables that handle `{section}`
properties. These properties are accessible as:
[`{$smarty.section.name.property}`](../language-variables/language-variables-smarty.md#smartysection-languagevariablessmartyloops)
where "name" is the attribute `name`.
- `{section}` properties are [`index`](#index),
[`index_prev`](#index_prev),
[`index_next`](#index_next),
[`iteration`](#iteration),
[`first`](#first),
[`last`](#last),
[`rownum`](#rownum),
[`loop`](#loop), [`show`](#show),
[`total`](#total).
[`assign()`](../../programmers/api-functions/api-assign.md) an array to Smarty
## Examples
```php
<?php
$data = [1000, 1001, 1002];
$smarty->assign('custid', $data);
```
The template that outputs the array
```smarty
{* this example will print out all the values of the $custid array *}
{section name=customer loop=$custid}
{section customer $custid} {* short-hand *}
id: {$custid[customer]}<br />
{/section}
<hr />
{* print out all the values of the $custid array reversed *}
{section name=foo loop=$custid step=-1}
{section foo $custid step=-1} {* short-hand *}
{$custid[foo]}<br />
{/section}
```
The above example will output:
```html
id: 1000<br />
id: 1001<br />
id: 1002<br />
<hr />
id: 1002<br />
id: 1001<br />
id: 1000<br />
```
```smarty
{section name=foo start=10 loop=20 step=2}
{$smarty.section.foo.index}
{/section}
<hr />
{section name=bar loop=21 max=6 step=-2}
{$smarty.section.bar.index}
{/section}
```
The above example will output:
```html
10 12 14 16 18
<hr />
20 18 16 14 12 10
```
The `name` of the `{section}` can be anything you like, see [PHP
variables](https://www.php.net/language.variables). It is used to reference
the data within the `{section}`.
```smarty
{section name=anything loop=$myArray}
{$myArray[anything].foo}
{$name[anything]}
{$address[anything].bar}
{/section}
```
This is an example of printing an associative array of data with a
`{section}`. Following is the php script to assign the `$contacts` array
to Smarty.
```php
<?php
$data = [
['name' => 'John Smith', 'home' => '555-555-5555',
'cell' => '666-555-5555', 'email' => 'john@myexample.com'],
['name' => 'Jack Jones', 'home' => '777-555-5555',
'cell' => '888-555-5555', 'email' => 'jack@myexample.com'],
['name' => 'Jane Munson', 'home' => '000-555-5555',
'cell' => '123456', 'email' => 'jane@myexample.com']
];
$smarty->assign('contacts',$data);
```
The template to output `$contacts`
```smarty
{section name=customer loop=$contacts}
<p>
name: {$contacts[customer].name}<br />
home: {$contacts[customer].home}<br />
cell: {$contacts[customer].cell}<br />
e-mail: {$contacts[customer].email}
</p>
{/section}
```
The above example will output:
```html
<p>
name: John Smith<br />
home: 555-555-5555<br />
cell: 666-555-5555<br />
e-mail: john@myexample.com
</p>
<p>
name: Jack Jones<br />
home phone: 777-555-5555<br />
cell phone: 888-555-5555<br />
e-mail: jack@myexample.com
</p>
<p>
name: Jane Munson<br />
home phone: 000-555-5555<br />
cell phone: 123456<br />
e-mail: jane@myexample.com
</p>
```
This example assumes that `$custid`, `$name` and `$address` are all
arrays containing the same number of values. First the php script that
assign's the arrays to Smarty.
```php
<?php
$id = [1001,1002,1003];
$smarty->assign('custid',$id);
$fullnames = ['John Smith','Jack Jones','Jane Munson'];
$smarty->assign('name',$fullnames);
$addr = ['253 Abbey road', '417 Mulberry ln', '5605 apple st'];
$smarty->assign('address',$addr);
```
The `loop` variable only determines the number of times to loop. You can
access ANY variable from the template within the `{section}`. This is
useful for looping multiple arrays. You can pass an array which will
determine the loop count by the array size, or you can pass an integer
to specify the number of loops.
```smarty
{section name=customer loop=$custid}
<p>
id: {$custid[customer]}<br />
name: {$name[customer]}<br />
address: {$address[customer]}
</p>
{/section}
```
The above example will output:
```html
<p>
id: 1000<br />
name: John Smith<br />
address: 253 Abbey road
</p>
<p>
id: 1001<br />
name: Jack Jones<br />
address: 417 Mulberry ln
</p>
<p>
id: 1002<br />
name: Jane Munson<br />
address: 5605 apple st
</p>
```
{section}'s can be nested as deep as you like. With nested
{section}'s, you can access complex data structures, such as
multidimensional arrays. This is an example `.php` script that
assigns the arrays.
```php
<?php
$id = [1001,1002,1003];
$smarty->assign('custid',$id);
$fullnames = ['John Smith','Jack Jones','Jane Munson'];
$smarty->assign('name',$fullnames);
$addr = ['253 N 45th', '417 Mulberry ln', '5605 apple st'];
$smarty->assign('address',$addr);
$types = [
[ 'home phone', 'cell phone', 'e-mail'],
[ 'home phone', 'web'],
[ 'cell phone']
];
$smarty->assign('contact_type', $types);
$info = [
['555-555-5555', '666-555-5555', 'john@myexample.com'],
[ '123-456-4', 'www.example.com'],
[ '0457878']
];
$smarty->assign('contact_info', $info);
```
In this template, *$contact_type\[customer\]* is an array of contact
types for the current customer.
```smarty
{section name=customer loop=$custid}
<hr>
id: {$custid[customer]}<br />
name: {$name[customer]}<br />
address: {$address[customer]}<br />
{section name=contact loop=$contact_type[customer]}
{$contact_type[customer][contact]}: {$contact_info[customer][contact]}<br />
{/section}
{/section}
```
The above example will output:
```html
<hr>
id: 1000<br />
name: John Smith<br />
address: 253 N 45th<br />
home phone: 555-555-5555<br />
cell phone: 666-555-5555<br />
e-mail: john@myexample.com<br />
<hr>
id: 1001<br />
name: Jack Jones<br />
address: 417 Mulberry ln<br />
home phone: 123-456-4<br />
web: www.example.com<br />
<hr>
id: 1002<br />
name: Jane Munson<br />
address: 5605 apple st<br />
cell phone: 0457878<br />
```
Results of a database search (eg ADODB or PEAR) are assigned to Smarty
```php
<?php
$sql = 'select id, name, home, cell, email from contacts '
."where name like '$foo%' ";
$smarty->assign('contacts', $db->getAll($sql));
```
The template to output the database result in a HTML table
```smarty
<table>
<tr><th>&nbsp;</th><th>Name></th><th>Home</th><th>Cell</th><th>Email</th></tr>
{section name=co loop=$contacts}
<tr>
<td><a href="view.php?id={$contacts[co].id}">view<a></td>
<td>{$contacts[co].name}</td>
<td>{$contacts[co].home}</td>
<td>{$contacts[co].cell}</td>
<td>{$contacts[co].email}</td>
<tr>
{sectionelse}
<tr><td colspan="5">No items found</td></tr>
{/section}
</table>
```
## .index
`index` contains the current array index, starting with zero or the
`start` attribute if given. It increments by one or by the `step`
attribute if given.
> **Note**
>
> If the `step` and `start` properties are not modified, then this works
> the same as the [`iteration`](#iteration) property,
> except it starts at zero instead of one.
> **Note**
>
> `$custid[customer.index]` and `$custid[customer]` are identical.
```smarty
{section name=customer loop=$custid}
{$smarty.section.customer.index} id: {$custid[customer]}<br />
{/section}
```
The above example will output:
```html
0 id: 1000<br />
1 id: 1001<br />
2 id: 1002<br />
```
## .index_prev
`index_prev` is the previous loop index. On the first loop, this is set to -1.
## .index_next
`index_next` is the next loop index. On the last loop, this is still one
more than the current index, respecting the setting of the `step`
attribute, if given.
```php
<?php
$data = [1001,1002,1003,1004,1005];
$smarty->assign('rows',$data);
```
Template to output the above array in a table
```smarty
{* $rows[row.index] and $rows[row] are identical in meaning *}
<table>
<tr>
<th>index</th><th>id</th>
<th>index_prev</th><th>prev_id</th>
<th>index_next</th><th>next_id</th>
</tr>
{section name=row loop=$rows}
<tr>
<td>{$smarty.section.row.index}</td><td>{$rows[row]}</td>
<td>{$smarty.section.row.index_prev}</td><td>{$rows[row.index_prev]}</td>
<td>{$smarty.section.row.index_next}</td><td>{$rows[row.index_next]}</td>
</tr>
{/section}
</table>
```
The above example will output a table containing the following:
```
index id index_prev prev_id index_next next_id
0 1001 -1 1 1002
1 1002 0 1001 2 1003
2 1003 1 1002 3 1004
3 1004 2 1003 4 1005
4 1005 3 1004 5
```
## .iteration
`iteration` contains the current loop iteration and starts at one.
> **Note**
>
> This is not affected by the `{section}` properties `start`, `step` and
> `max`, unlike the [`index`](#index) property.
> `iteration` also starts with one instead of zero unlike `index`.
> [`rownum`](#rownum) is an alias to `iteration`, they
> are identical.
```php
<?php
// array of 3000 to 3015
$id = range(3000,3015);
$smarty->assign('arr', $id);
```
Template to output every other element of the `$arr` array as `step=2`
```smarty
{section name=cu loop=$arr start=5 step=2}
iteration={$smarty.section.cu.iteration}
index={$smarty.section.cu.index}
id={$custid[cu]}<br />
{/section}
```
The above example will output:
```html
iteration=1 index=5 id=3005<br />
iteration=2 index=7 id=3007<br />
iteration=3 index=9 id=3009<br />
iteration=4 index=11 id=3011<br />
iteration=5 index=13 id=3013<br />
iteration=6 index=15 id=3015<br />
```
Another example that uses the `iteration` property to output a table
header block every five rows.
```smarty
<table>
{section name=co loop=$contacts}
{if $smarty.section.co.iteration is div by 5}
<tr><th>&nbsp;</th><th>Name></th><th>Home</th><th>Cell</th><th>Email</th></tr>
{/if}
<tr>
<td><a href="view.php?id={$contacts[co].id}">view<a></td>
<td>{$contacts[co].name}</td>
<td>{$contacts[co].home}</td>
<td>{$contacts[co].cell}</td>
<td>{$contacts[co].email}</td>
<tr>
{/section}
</table>
```
An example that uses the `iteration` property to alternate a text color every
third row.
```smarty
<table>
{section name=co loop=$contacts}
{if $smarty.section.co.iteration is even by 3}
<span style="color: #ffffff">{$contacts[co].name}</span>
{else}
<span style="color: #dddddd">{$contacts[co].name}</span>
{/if}
{/section}
</table>
```
> **Note**
>
> The *"is div by"* syntax is a simpler alternative to the PHP mod
> operator syntax. The mod operator is allowed:
> `{if $smarty.section.co.iteration % 5 == 1}` will work just the same.
> **Note**
>
> You can also use *"is odd by"* to reverse the alternating.
## .first
`first` is set to TRUE if the current `{section}` iteration is the initial one.
## .last
`last` is set to TRUE if the current section iteration is the final one.
This example loops the `$customers` array, outputs a header block on the
first iteration and on the last outputs the footer block. Also uses the
[`total`](#total) property.
```smarty
{section name=customer loop=$customers}
{if $smarty.section.customer.first}
<table>
<tr><th>id</th><th>customer</th></tr>
{/if}
<tr>
<td>{$customers[customer].id}}</td>
<td>{$customers[customer].name}</td>
</tr>
{if $smarty.section.customer.last}
<tr><td></td><td>{$smarty.section.customer.total} customers</td></tr>
</table>
{/if}
{/section}
```
## .rownum
`rownum` contains the current loop iteration, starting with one. It is
an alias to [`iteration`](#iteration), they work
identically.
## .loop
`loop` contains the last index number that this {section} looped. This
can be used inside or after the `{section}`.
```smarty
{section name=customer loop=$custid}
{$smarty.section.customer.index} id: {$custid[customer]}<br />
{/section}
There are {$smarty.section.customer.loop} customers shown above.
```
The above example will output:
```html
0 id: 1000<br />
1 id: 1001<br />
2 id: 1002<br />
There are 3 customers shown above.
```
## .show
`show` is used as a parameter to section and is a boolean value. If
FALSE, the section will not be displayed. If there is a `{sectionelse}`
present, that will be alternately displayed.
Boolean `$show_customer_info` has been passed from the PHP application,
to regulate whether this section shows.
```smarty
{section name=customer loop=$customers show=$show_customer_info}
{$smarty.section.customer.rownum} id: {$customers[customer]}<br />
{/section}
{if $smarty.section.customer.show}
the section was shown.
{else}
the section was not shown.
{/if}
```
The above example will output:
```html
1 id: 1000<br />
2 id: 1001<br />
3 id: 1002<br />
the section was shown.
```
## .total
`total` contains the number of iterations that this `{section}` will
loop. This can be used inside or after a `{section}`.
```smarty
{section name=customer loop=$custid step=2}
{$smarty.section.customer.index} id: {$custid[customer]}<br />
{/section}
There are {$smarty.section.customer.total} customers shown above.
```
See also [`{foreach}`](./language-function-foreach.md),
[`{for}`](./language-function-for.md), [`{while}`](./language-function-while.md)
and [`$smarty.section`](../language-variables/language-variables-smarty.md#smartysection-languagevariablessmartyloops).

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# {setfilter}
The `{setfilter}...{/setfilter}` block tag allows the definition of
template instance's variable filters.
SYNTAX: `{setfilter filter1\|filter2\|filter3\....}\...{/setfilter}`
The filter can be:
- A variable filter plugin specified by it's name.
- A modifier specified by it's name and optional additional
parameter.
`{setfilter}...{/setfilter}` blocks can be nested. The filter definition
of inner blocks does replace the definition of the outer block.
Template instance filters run in addition to other modifiers and
filters. They run in the following order: modifier, default_modifier,
$escape_html, registered variable filters, autoloaded variable
filters, template instance's variable filters. Everything after
default_modifier can be disabled with the `nofilter` flag.
> **Note**
>
> The setting of template instance filters does not affect the output of
> included subtemplates.
## Examples
```smarty
<script>
{setfilter filter1}
{$foo} {* filter1 runs on output of $foo *}
{setfilter filter2|mod:true}
{$bar} {* filter2 and modifier mod runs on output of $bar *}
{/setfilter}
{$buh} {* filter1 runs on output of $buh *}
{/setfilter}
{$blar} {* no template instance filter runs on output of $blar}
</script>
```

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# {strip}
Many times web designers run into the issue where white space and
carriage returns affect the output of the rendered HTML (browser
"features"), so you must run all your tags together in the template to
get the desired results. This usually ends up in unreadable or
unmanageable templates.
Anything within `{strip}{/strip}` tags are stripped of the extra spaces
or carriage returns at the beginnings and ends of the lines before they
are displayed. This way you can keep your templates readable, and not
worry about extra white space causing problems.
> **Note**
>
> `{strip}{/strip}` does not affect the contents of template variables,
> see the [strip modifier](../language-modifiers/language-modifier-strip.md) instead.
```smarty
{* the following will be all run into one line upon output *}
{strip}
<table>
<tr>
<td>
<a href="#">
This is a test
</a>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
{/strip}
```
The above example will output:
```html
<table><tr><td><a href="#">This is a test</a></td></tr></table>
```
Notice that in the above example, all the lines begin and end with HTML
tags. Be aware that all the lines are run together. If you have plain
text at the beginning or end of any line, they will be run together, and
may not be desired results.
See also the [`strip`](../language-modifiers/language-modifier-strip.md) modifier.

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# {while}
`{while}` loops in Smarty have much the same flexibility as PHP
[while](https://www.php.net/while) statements, with a few added features for
the template engine. Every `{while}` must be paired with a matching
`{/while}`. All PHP conditionals and functions are recognized, such as
*\|\|*, *or*, *&&*, *and*, *is_array()*, etc.
The following is a list of recognized qualifiers, which must be
separated from surrounding elements by spaces. Note that items listed in
\[brackets\] are optional. PHP equivalents are shown where applicable.
## Qualifiers
| Qualifier | Alternates | Syntax Example | Meaning | PHP Equivalent |
|--------------------|------------|----------------------|--------------------------------|--------------------|
| == | eq | $a eq $b | equals | == |
| != | ne, neq | $a neq $b | not equals | != |
| > | gt | $a gt $b | greater than | > |
| < | lt | $a lt $b | less than | < |
| >= | gte, ge | $a ge $b | greater than or equal | >= |
| <= | lte, le | $a le $b | less than or equal | <= |
| === | | $a === 0 | check for identity | === |
| ! | not | not $a | negation (unary) | ! |
| % | mod | $a mod $b | modulo | % |
| is \[not\] div by | | $a is not div by 4 | divisible by | $a % $b == 0 |
| is \[not\] even | | $a is not even | \[not\] an even number (unary) | $a % 2 == 0 |
| is \[not\] even by | | $a is not even by $b | grouping level \[not\] even | ($a / $b) % 2 == 0 |
| is \[not\] odd | | $a is not odd | \[not\] an odd number (unary) | $a % 2 != 0 |
| is \[not\] odd by | | $a is not odd by $b | \[not\] an odd grouping | ($a / $b) % 2 != 0 |
## Examples
```smarty
{while $foo > 0}
{$foo--}
{/while}
```
The above example will count down the value of $foo until 1 is reached.
See also [`{foreach}`](./language-function-foreach.md),
[`{for}`](./language-function-for.md) and
[`{section}`](./language-function-section.md).

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# Combining Modifiers
You can apply any number of modifiers to a variable. They will be
applied in the order they are combined, from left to right. They must be
separated with a `|` (pipe) character.
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('articleTitle', 'Smokers are Productive, but Death Cuts Efficiency.');
```
where template is:
```smarty
{$articleTitle}
{$articleTitle|upper|spacify}
{$articleTitle|lower|spacify|truncate}
{$articleTitle|lower|truncate:30|spacify}
{$articleTitle|lower|spacify|truncate:30:". . ."}
```
The above example will output:
```
Smokers are Productive, but Death Cuts Efficiency.
S M O K E R S A R ....snip.... H C U T S E F F I C I E N C Y .
s m o k e r s a r ....snip.... b u t d e a t h c u t s...
s m o k e r s a r e p r o d u c t i v e , b u t . . .
s m o k e r s a r e p. . .
```

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# Custom Functions
Smarty comes with several custom plugin functions that you can use in
the templates.
- [{counter}](language-function-counter.md)
- [{cycle}](language-function-cycle.md)
- [{eval}](language-function-eval.md)
- [{fetch}](language-function-fetch.md)
- [{html_checkboxes}](language-function-html-checkboxes.md)
- [{html_image}](language-function-html-image.md)
- [{html_options}](language-function-html-options.md)
- [{html_radios}](language-function-html-radios.md)
- [{html_select_date}](language-function-html-select-date.md)
- [{html_select_time}](language-function-html-select-time.md)
- [{html_table}](language-function-html-table.md)
- [{mailto}](language-function-mailto.md)
- [{math}](language-function-math.md)
- [{textformat}](language-function-textformat.md)

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# {counter}
`{counter}` is used to print out a count. `{counter}` will remember the
count on each iteration. You can adjust the number, the interval and the
direction of the count, as well as determine whether to print the
value. You can run multiple counters concurrently by supplying a unique
name for each one. If you do not supply a name, the name "default" will
be used.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|----------|-----------------------------------------------------------|
| name | No | The name of the counter |
| start | No | The initial number to start counting from (defaults to 1) |
| skip | No | The interval to count by (defaults to 1) |
| direction | No | The direction to count (up/down) (defaults to 'up') |
| print | No | Whether or not to print the value (defaults to true) |
| assign | No | the template variable the output will be assigned to |
If you supply the `assign` attribute, the output of the `{counter}`
function will be assigned to this template variable instead of being
output to the template.
## Examples
```smarty
{* initialize the count *}
{counter start=0 skip=2}<br />
{counter}<br />
{counter}<br />
{counter}<br />
```
this will output:
```html
0<br />
2<br />
4<br />
6<br />
```

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# {cycle}
`{cycle}` is used to alternate a set of values. This makes it easy to
for example, alternate between two or more colors in a table, or cycle
through an array of values.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|----------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| name | No | The name of the cycle |
| values | Yes | The values to cycle through, either a comma delimited list (see delimiter attribute), or an array of values |
| print | No | Whether to print the value or not (defaults to true) |
| advance | No | Whether or not to advance to the next value (defaults to true) |
| delimiter | No | The delimiter to use in the values attribute (defaults to ',') |
| assign | No | The template variable the output will be assigned to |
| reset | No | The cycle will be set to the first value and not advanced (defaults to false) |
- You can `{cycle}` through more than one set of values in a template
by supplying a `name` attribute. Give each `{cycle}` a unique
`name`.
- You can force the current value not to print with the `print`
attribute set to FALSE. This would be useful for silently skipping a
value.
- The `advance` attribute is used to repeat a value. When set to
FALSE, the next call to `{cycle}` will print the same value.
- If you supply the `assign` attribute, the output of the `{cycle}`
function will be assigned to a template variable instead of being
output to the template.
## Examples
```smarty
{section name=rows loop=$data}
<tr class="{cycle values="odd,even"}">
<td>{$data[rows]}</td>
</tr>
{/section}
```
The above template would output:
```html
<tr class="odd">
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>3</td>
</tr>
```

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# {debug}
`{debug}` dumps the debug console to the page. This works regardless of
the [debug](../chapter-debugging-console.md) settings in the php script.
Since this gets executed at runtime, this is only able to show the
[assigned](../../programmers/api-functions/api-assign.md) variables; not the templates that are in use.
However, you can see all the currently available variables within the
scope of a template.
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|----------|------------------------------------------------------------|
| output | No | output type, html or javascript (defaults to 'javascript') |
See also the [debugging console page](../chapter-debugging-console.md).

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# {eval}
`{eval}` is used to evaluate a variable as a template. This can be used
for things like embedding template tags/variables into variables or
tags/variables into config file variables.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|----------|------------------------------------------------------|
| var | Yes | Variable (or string) to evaluate |
| assign | No | The template variable the output will be assigned to |
If you supply the `assign` attribute, the output of the `{eval}`
function will be assigned to this template variable instead of being
output to the template.
> **Note**
>
> - Evaluated variables are treated the same as templates. They follow
> the same escapement and security features just as if they were
> templates.
>
> - Evaluated variables are compiled on every invocation, the compiled
> versions are not saved! However, if you have [caching](../../programmers/caching.md)
> enabled, the output will be cached with the rest of the template.
>
> - If the content to evaluate doesn't change often, or is used
> repeatedly, consider using
> `{include file="string:{$template_code}"}` instead. This may cache
> the compiled state and thus doesn't have to run the (comparably
> slow) compiler on every invocation.
## Examples
The contents of the config file, `setup.conf`.
```ini
emphstart = <strong>
emphend = </strong>
title = Welcome to {$company}'s home page!
ErrorCity = You must supply a {#emphstart#}city{#emphend#}.
ErrorState = You must supply a {#emphstart#}state{#emphend#}.
```
Where the template is:
```smarty
{config_load file='setup.conf'}
{eval var=$foo}
{eval var=#title#}
{eval var=#ErrorCity#}
{eval var=#ErrorState# assign='state_error'}
{$state_error}
```
The above template will output:
```html
This is the contents of foo.
Welcome to Foobar Pub & Grill's home page!
You must supply a <strong>city</strong>.
You must supply a <strong>state</strong>.
```
This outputs the server name (in uppercase) and IP. The assigned
variable `$str` could be from a database query.
```php
<?php
$str = 'The server name is {$smarty.server.SERVER_NAME|upper} '
.'at {$smarty.server.SERVER_ADDR}';
$smarty->assign('foo',$str);
```
Where the template is:
```smarty
{eval var=$foo}
```

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# {fetch}
`{fetch}` is used to retrieve files from the local file system, http, or
ftp and display the contents.
## Attributes
| Attribute | Required | Description |
|-----------|----------|------------------------------------------------------|
| file | Yes | The file, http or ftp site to fetch |
| assign | No | The template variable the output will be assigned to |
- If the file name begins with `http://`, the website page will be
fetched and displayed.
> **Note**
>
> This will not support http redirects, be sure to include a
> trailing slash on your web page fetches where necessary.
- If the file name begins with `ftp://`, the file will be downloaded
from the ftp server and displayed.
- For local files, either a full system file path must be given, or a
path relative to the executed php script.
> **Note**
>
> If security is enabled, and you are fetching a file from the local
> file system, `{fetch}` will only allow files from within the
> `$secure_dir` path of the security policy. See the
> [Security](../../programmers/advanced-features/advanced-features-security.md) section for details.
- If the `assign` attribute is set, the output of the `{fetch}`
function will be assigned to this template variable instead of being
output to the template.
## Examples
```smarty
{* include some javascript in your template *}
{fetch file='/export/httpd/www.example.com/docs/navbar.js'}
{* embed some weather text in your template from another web site *}
{fetch file='http://www.myweather.com/68502/'}
{* fetch a news headline file via ftp *}
{fetch file='ftp://user:password@ftp.example.com/path/to/currentheadlines.txt'}
{* as above but with variables *}
{fetch file="ftp://`$user`:`$password`@`$server`/`$path`"}
{* assign the fetched contents to a template variable *}
{fetch file='http://www.myweather.com/68502/' assign='weather'}
{if $weather ne ''}
<div id="weather">{$weather}</div>
{/if}
```
See also [`{capture}`](../language-builtin-functions/language-function-capture.md),
[`{eval}`](language-function-eval.md),
[`{assign}`](../language-builtin-functions/language-function-assign.md) and [`fetch()`](../../programmers/api-functions/api-fetch.md).

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# {html_checkboxes}
`{html_checkboxes}` is a [custom function](index.md)
that creates an html checkbox group with provided data. It takes care of
which item(s) are selected by default as well.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|-------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| name | No | Name of checkbox list (defaults to 'checkbox') |
| values | Yes, unless using options attribute | An array of values for checkbox buttons |
| output | Yes, unless using options attribute | An array of output for checkbox buttons |
| selected | No | The selected checkbox element(s) as a string or array |
| options | Yes, unless using values and output | An associative array of values and output |
| separator | No | String of text to separate each checkbox item |
| assign | No | Assign checkbox tags to an array instead of output |
| labels | No | Add <label\>-tags to the output (defaults to true) |
| label\_ids | No | Add id-attributes to <label\> and <input\> to the output (defaults to false) |
| escape | No | Escape the output / content (values are always escaped) (defaults to true) |
| strict | No | Will make the "extra" attributes *disabled* and *readonly* only be set, if they were supplied with either boolean *TRUE* or string *"disabled"* and *"readonly"* respectively (defaults to false) |
- Required attributes are `values` and `output`, unless you use `options` instead.
- All output is XHTML compliant.
- All parameters that are not in the list above are printed as
name/value-pairs inside each of the created <input\>-tags.
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('cust_ids', array(1000,1001,1002,1003));
$smarty->assign('cust_names', array(
'Joe Schmoe',
'Jack Smith',
'Jane Johnson',
'Charlie Brown')
);
$smarty->assign('customer_id', 1001);
```
where template is
```smarty
{html_checkboxes name='id' values=$cust_ids output=$cust_names selected=$customer_id separator='<br />'}
```
or where PHP code is:
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign(
'cust_checkboxes',
[
1000 => 'Joe Schmoe',
1001 => 'Jack Smith',
1002 => 'Jane Johnson',
1003 => 'Charlie Brown',
]
);
$smarty->assign('customer_id', 1001);
```
and the template is
```smarty
{html_checkboxes name='id' options=$cust_checkboxes selected=$customer_id separator='<br />'}
```
both examples will output:
```html
<label><input type="checkbox" name="id[]" value="1000" />Joe Schmoe</label><br />
<label><input type="checkbox" name="id[]" value="1001" checked="checked" />Jack Smith</label>
<br />
<label><input type="checkbox" name="id[]" value="1002" />Jane Johnson</label><br />
<label><input type="checkbox" name="id[]" value="1003" />Charlie Brown</label><br />
```
```php
<?php
$sql = 'select type_id, types from contact_types order by type';
$smarty->assign('contact_types',$db->getAssoc($sql));
$sql = 'select contact_id, contact_type_id, contact '
.'from contacts where contact_id=12';
$smarty->assign('contact',$db->getRow($sql));
```
The results of the database queries above would be output with.
```smarty
{html_checkboxes name='contact_type_id' options=$contact_types selected=$contact.contact_type_id separator='<br />'}
```
See also [`{html_radios}`](./language-function-html-radios.md) and
[`{html_options}`](./language-function-html-options.md)

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# {html_image}
`{html_image}` is a [custom function](index.md) that
generates an HTML `<img>` tag. The `height` and `width` are
automatically calculated from the image file if they are not supplied.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|----------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| file | Yes | name/path to image |
| height | No | Height to display image (defaults to actual image height) |
| width | No | Width to display image (defaults to actual image width) |
| basedir | no | Directory to base relative paths from (defaults to web server doc root) |
| alt | no | Alternative description of the image |
| href | no | href value to link the image to |
| path\_prefix | no | Prefix for output path |
- `basedir` is the base directory that relative image paths are based
from. If not given, the web server's document root
`$_ENV['DOCUMENT_ROOT']` is used as the base. If security is
enabled, then the image must be located in the `$secure_dir` path of
the security policy. See the [Security](../../programmers/advanced-features/advanced-features-security.md)
section for details.
- `href` is the href value to link the image to. If link is supplied,
an `<a href="LINKVALUE"><a>` tag is placed around the image tag.
- `path_prefix` is an optional prefix string you can give the output
path. This is useful if you want to supply a different server name
for the image.
- All parameters that are not in the list above are printed as
name/value-pairs inside the created `<img>` tag.
> **Note**
>
> `{html_image}` requires a hit to the disk to read the image and
> calculate the height and width. If you don't use template
> [caching](../../programmers/caching.md), it is generally better to avoid `{html_image}`
> and leave image tags static for optimal performance.
## Examples
```smarty
{html_image file='pumpkin.jpg'}
{html_image file='/path/from/docroot/pumpkin.jpg'}
{html_image file='../path/relative/to/currdir/pumpkin.jpg'}
```
Example output of the above template would be:
```html
<img src="pumpkin.jpg" alt="" width="44" height="68" />
<img src="/path/from/docroot/pumpkin.jpg" alt="" width="44" height="68" />
<img src="../path/relative/to/currdir/pumpkin.jpg" alt="" width="44" height="68" />
```

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# {html_options}
`{html_options}` is a [custom function](index.md) that
creates the html `<select><option>` group with the assigned data. It
takes care of which item(s) are selected by default as well.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|-------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| values | Yes, unless using options attribute | An array of values for dropdown |
| output | Yes, unless using options attribute | An array of output for dropdown |
| selected | No | The selected option element(s) as a string or array |
| options | Yes, unless using values and output | An associative array of values and output |
| name | No | Name of select group |
| strict | No | Will make the "extra" attributes *disabled* and *readonly* only be set, if they were supplied with either boolean *TRUE* or string *"disabled"* and *"readonly"* respectively (defaults to false) |
- Required attributes are `values` and `output`, unless you use the
combined `options` instead.
- If the optional `name` attribute is given, the `<select></select>`
tags are created, otherwise ONLY the `<option>` list is generated.
- If a given value is an array, it will treat it as an html
`<optgroup>`, and display the groups. Recursion is supported with
`<optgroup>`.
- All parameters that are not in the list above are printed as
name/value-pairs inside the `<select>` tag. They are ignored if the
optional `name` is not given.
- All output is XHTML compliant.
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('myOptions', [
1800 => 'Joe Schmoe',
9904 => 'Jack Smith',
2003 => 'Charlie Brown']
);
$smarty->assign('mySelect', 9904);
```
The following template will generate a drop-down list. Note the presence
of the `name` attribute which creates the `<select>` tags.
```smarty
{html_options name=foo options=$myOptions selected=$mySelect}
```
Output of the above example would be:
```html
<select name="foo">
<option value="1800">Joe Schmoe</option>
<option value="9904" selected="selected">Jack Smith</option>
<option value="2003">Charlie Brown</option>
</select>
```
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('cust_ids', [56,92,13]);
$smarty->assign('cust_names', [
'Joe Schmoe',
'Jane Johnson',
'Charlie Brown']);
$smarty->assign('customer_id', 92);
```
The above arrays would be output with the following template (note the
use of the php [`count()`](https://www.php.net/function.count) function as a
modifier to set the select size).
```smarty
<select name="customer_id" size="{$cust_names|@count}">
{html_options values=$cust_ids output=$cust_names selected=$customer_id}
</select>
```
The above example would output:
```html
<select name="customer_id" size="3">
<option value="56">Joe Schmoe</option>
<option value="92" selected="selected">Jane Johnson</option>
<option value="13">Charlie Brown</option>
</select>
```
```php
<?php
$sql = 'select type_id, types from contact_types order by type';
$smarty->assign('contact_types',$db->getAssoc($sql));
$sql = 'select contact_id, name, email, contact_type_id
from contacts where contact_id='.$contact_id;
$smarty->assign('contact',$db->getRow($sql));
```
Where a template could be as follows. Note the use of the
[`truncate`](../language-modifiers/language-modifier-truncate.md) modifier.
```smarty
<select name="type_id">
<option value='null'>-- none --</option>
{html_options options=$contact_types|truncate:20 selected=$contact.type_id}
</select>
```
```php
<?php
$arr['Sport'] = array(6 => 'Golf', 9 => 'Cricket',7 => 'Swim');
$arr['Rest'] = array(3 => 'Sauna',1 => 'Massage');
$smarty->assign('lookups', $arr);
$smarty->assign('fav', 7);
```
The script above and the following template
```smarty
{html_options name=foo options=$lookups selected=$fav}
```
would output:
```html
<select name="foo">
<optgroup label="Sport">
<option value="6">Golf</option>
<option value="9">Cricket</option>
<option value="7" selected="selected">Swim</option>
</optgroup>
<optgroup label="Rest">
<option value="3">Sauna</option>
<option value="1">Massage</option>
</optgroup>
</select>
```
See also [`{html_checkboxes}`](./language-function-html-checkboxes.md) and
[`{html_radios}`](./language-function-html-radios.md)

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# {html_radios}
`{html_radios}` is a [custom function](index.md) that
creates an HTML radio button group. It also takes care of which item is
selected by default as well.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|-------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| name | No | Name of radio list |
| values | Yes, unless using options attribute | An array of values for radio buttons |
| output | Yes, unless using options attribute | An array of output for radio buttons |
| selected | No | The selected radio element |
| options | Yes, unless using values and output | An associative array of values and output |
| separator | No | String of text to separate each radio item |
| assign | No | Assign radio tags to an array instead of output |
| labels | No | Add <label>-tags to the output (defaults to true) |
| label\_ids | No | Add id-attributes to <label\> and <input\> to the output (defaults to false) |
| escape | No | Escape the output / content (values are always escaped) (defaults to true) |
| strict | No | Will make the "extra" attributes *disabled* and *readonly* only be set, if they were supplied with either boolean *TRUE* or string *"disabled"* and *"readonly"* respectively (defaults to false) |
- Required attributes are `values` and `output`, unless you use
`options` instead.
- All output is XHTML compliant.
- All parameters that are not in the list above are output as
name/value-pairs inside each of the created `<input>`-tags.
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('cust_ids', array(1000,1001,1002,1003));
$smarty->assign('cust_names', array(
'Joe Schmoe',
'Jack Smith',
'Jane Johnson',
'Charlie Brown')
);
$smarty->assign('customer_id', 1001);
```
Where template is:
```smarty
{html_radios name='id' values=$cust_ids output=$cust_names
selected=$customer_id separator='<br />'}
```
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('cust_radios', array(
1000 => 'Joe Schmoe',
1001 => 'Jack Smith',
1002 => 'Jane Johnson',
1003 => 'Charlie Brown'));
$smarty->assign('customer_id', 1001);
```
Where template is:
```smarty
{html_radios name='id' options=$cust_radios
selected=$customer_id separator='<br />'}
```
Both examples will output:
```html
<label><input type="radio" name="id" value="1000" />Joe Schmoe</label><br />
<label><input type="radio" name="id" value="1001" checked="checked" />Jack Smith</label><br />
<label><input type="radio" name="id" value="1002" />Jane Johnson</label><br />
<label><input type="radio" name="id" value="1003" />Charlie Brown</label><br />
```
```php
<?php
$sql = 'select type_id, types from contact_types order by type';
$smarty->assign('contact_types',$db->getAssoc($sql));
$sql = 'select contact_id, name, email, contact_type_id '
.'from contacts where contact_id='.$contact_id;
$smarty->assign('contact',$db->getRow($sql));
```
The variable assigned from the database above would be output with the
template:
```smarty
{html_radios name='contact_type_id' options=$contact_types
selected=$contact.contact_type_id separator='<br />'}
```
See also [`{html_checkboxes}`](language-function-html-checkboxes.md) and
[`{html_options}`](language-function-html-options.md)

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# {html_select_date}
`{html_select_date}` is a [custom function](index.md)
that creates date dropdowns. It can display any or all of: year, month,
and day. All parameters that are not in the list below are printed as
name/value-pairs inside the `<select>` tags of day, month and year.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Default | Description |
|--------------------|--------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| prefix | Date_ | What to prefix the var name with |
| time | | What date/time to pre-select. Accepts timestamps, DateTime objects or any string parseable by [strtotime()](https://www.php.net/strtotime). If an array is given, the attributes field_array and prefix are used to identify the array elements to extract year, month and day from. Omitting this parameter or supplying a falsy value will select the current date. To prevent date selection, pass in NULL. |
| start_year | current year | The first year in the dropdown, either year number, or relative to current year (+/- N) |
| end_year | same as start_year | The last year in the dropdown, either year number, or relative to current year (+/- N) |
| display_days | TRUE | Whether to display days or not |
| display_months | TRUE | Whether to display months or not |
| display_years | TRUE | Whether to display years or not |
| month_names | | List of strings to display for months. array(1 =\> 'Jan', ..., 12 =\> 'Dec') |
| month_format | \%B | What format the month should be in (strftime) |
| day_format | \%02d | What format the day output should be in (sprintf) |
| day_value_format | \%d | What format the day value should be in (sprintf) |
| year_as_text | FALSE | Whether or not to display the year as text |
| reverse_years | FALSE | Display years in reverse order |
| field_array | | If a name is given, the select boxes will be drawn such that the results will be returned to PHP in the form of name\[Day\], name\[Year\], name\[Month\]. |
| day_size | | Adds size attribute to select tag if given |
| month_size | | Adds size attribute to select tag if given |
| year_size | | Adds size attribute to select tag if given |
| all_extra | | Adds extra attributes to all select/input tags if given |
| day_extra | | Adds extra attributes to select/input tags if given |
| month_extra | | Adds extra attributes to select/input tags if given |
| year_extra | | Adds extra attributes to select/input tags if given |
| all_id | | Adds id-attribute to all select/input tags if given |
| day_id | | Adds id-attribute to select/input tags if given |
| month_id | | Adds id-attribute to select/input tags if given |
| year_id | | Adds id-attribute to select/input tags if given |
| field_order | MDY | The order in which to display the fields |
| field_separator | \\n | String printed between different fields |
| month_value_format | \%m | strftime() format of the month values, default is %m for month numbers. |
| all_empty | | If supplied then the first element of any select-box has this value as it's label and "" as it's value. This is useful to make the select-boxes read "Please select" for example. |
| year_empty | | If supplied then the first element of the year's select-box has this value as it's label and "" as it's value. This is useful to make the select-box read "Please select a year" for example. Note that you can use values like "-MM-DD" as time-attribute to indicate an unselected year. |
| month_empty | | If supplied then the first element of the month's select-box has this value as it's label and "" as it's value. . Note that you can use values like "YYYY\--DD" as time-attribute to indicate an unselected month. |
| day_empty | | If supplied then the first element of the day's select-box has this value as it's label and "" as it's value. Note that you can use values like "YYYY-MM-" as time-attribute to indicate an unselected day. |
> **Note**
>
> There is an useful php function on the [date tips page](../../appendixes/tips.md)
> for converting `{html_select_date}` form values to a timestamp.
## Exaples
Template code
```smarty
{html_select_date}
```
This will output:
```html
<select name="Date_Month">
<option value="1">January</option>
<option value="2">February</option>
<option value="3">March</option>
..... snipped .....
<option value="10">October</option>
<option value="11">November</option>
<option value="12" selected="selected">December</option>
</select>
<select name="Date_Day">
<option value="1">01</option>
<option value="2">02</option>
<option value="3">03</option>
..... snipped .....
<option value="11">11</option>
<option value="12">12</option>
<option value="13" selected="selected">13</option>
<option value="14">14</option>
<option value="15">15</option>
..... snipped .....
<option value="29">29</option>
<option value="30">30</option>
<option value="31">31</option>
</select>
<select name="Date_Year">
<option value="2006" selected="selected">2006</option>
</select>
```
```smarty
{* start and end year can be relative to current year *}
{html_select_date prefix='StartDate' time=$time start_year='-5'
end_year='+1' display_days=false}
```
With 2000 as the current year the output:
```html
<select name="StartDateMonth">
<option value="1">January</option>
<option value="2">February</option>
.... snipped ....
<option value="11">November</option>
<option value="12" selected="selected">December</option>
</select>
<select name="StartDateYear">
<option value="1995">1995</option>
.... snipped ....
<option value="1999">1999</option>
<option value="2000" selected="selected">2000</option>
<option value="2001">2001</option>
</select>
```
See also [`{html_select_time}`](language-function-html-select-time.md),
[`date_format`](../language-modifiers/language-modifier-date-format.md),
[`$smarty.now`](../language-variables/language-variables-smarty.md#smartynow-languagevariablessmartynow) and the [date tips
page](../../appendixes/tips.md#dates).

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# {html_select_time}
`{html_select_time}` is a [custom function](index.md)
that creates time dropdowns for you. It can display any or all of: hour,
minute, second and meridian.
The `time` attribute can have different formats. It can be a unique
timestamp, a string of the format `YYYYMMDDHHMMSS` or a string that is
parseable by PHP's [`strtotime()`](https://www.php.net/strtotime).
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Default | Description |
|-----------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| prefix | Time\_ | What to prefix the var name with |
| time | current [timestamp](https://www.php.net/function.time) | What date/time to pre-select. Accepts [timestamp](https://www.php.net/function.time), [DateTime](https://www.php.net/class.DateTime), mysql timestamp or any string parsable by [`strtotime()`](https://www.php.net/strtotime). If an array is given, the attributes field\_array and prefix are used to identify the array elements to extract hour, minute, second and meridian from. |
| display\_hours | TRUE | Whether or not to display hours |
| display\_minutes | TRUE | Whether or not to display minutes |
| display\_seconds | TRUE | Whether or not to display seconds |
| display\_meridian | TRUE | Whether or not to display meridian (am/pm) |
| use\_24\_hours | TRUE | Whether or not to use 24 hour clock |
| minute\_interval | 1 | Number interval in minute dropdown |
| second\_interval | 1 | Number interval in second dropdown |
| hour\_format | \%02d | What format the hour label should be in (sprintf) |
| hour\_value\_format | \%20d | What format the hour value should be in (sprintf) |
| minute\_format | \%02d | What format the minute label should be in (sprintf) |
| minute\_value\_format | \%20d | What format the minute value should be in (sprintf) |
| second\_format | \%02d | What format the second label should be in (sprintf) |
| second\_value\_format | \%20d | What format the second value should be in (sprintf) |
| field\_array | n/a | Outputs values to array of this name |
| all\_extra | null | Adds extra attributes to select/input tags if given |
| hour\_extra | null | Adds extra attributes to select/input tags if given |
| minute\_extra | null | Adds extra attributes to select/input tags if given |
| second\_extra | null | Adds extra attributes to select/input tags if given |
| meridian\_extra | null | Adds extra attributes to select/input tags if given |
| field\_separator | \\n | String printed between different fields |
| option\_separator | \\n | String printed between different options of a field |
| all\_id | null | Adds id-attribute to all select/input tags if given |
| hour\_id | null | Adds id-attribute to select/input tags if given |
| minute\_id | null | Adds id-attribute to select/input tags if given |
| second\_id | null | Adds id-attribute to select/input tags if given |
| meridian\_id | null | Adds id-attribute to select/input tags if given |
| all\_empty | null | If supplied then the first element of any select-box has this value as it's label and "" as it's value. This is useful to make the select-boxes read "Please select" for example. |
| hour\_empty | null | If supplied then the first element of the hour's select-box has this value as it's label and "" as it's value. This is useful to make the select-box read "Please select an hour" for example. |
| minute\_empty | null | If supplied then the first element of the minute's select-box has this value as it's label and "" as it's value. This is useful to make the select-box read "Please select an minute" for example. |
| second\_empty | null | If supplied then the first element of the second's select-box has this value as it's label and "" as it's value. This is useful to make the select-box read "Please select an second" for example. |
| meridian\_empty | null | If supplied then the first element of the meridian's select-box has this value as it's label and "" as it's value. This is useful to make the select-box read "Please select an meridian" for example. |
## Examples
```smarty
{html_select_time use_24_hours=true}
```
At 9:20 and 23 seconds in the morning the template above would output:
```html
<select name="Time_Hour">
<option value="00">00</option>
<option value="01">01</option>
... snipped ....
<option value="08">08</option>
<option value="09" selected>09</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
... snipped ....
<option value="22">22</option>
<option value="23">23</option>
</select>
<select name="Time_Minute">
<option value="00">00</option>
<option value="01">01</option>
... snipped ....
<option value="19">19</option>
<option value="20" selected>20</option>
<option value="21">21</option>
... snipped ....
<option value="58">58</option>
<option value="59">59</option>
</select>
<select name="Time_Second">
<option value="00">00</option>
<option value="01">01</option>
... snipped ....
<option value="22">22</option>
<option value="23" selected>23</option>
<option value="24">24</option>
... snipped ....
<option value="58">58</option>
<option value="59">59</option>
</select>
<select name="Time_Meridian">
<option value="am" selected>AM</option>
<option value="pm">PM</option>
</select>
```
See also [`$smarty.now`](../language-variables/language-variables-smarty.md#smartynow-languagevariablessmartynow),
[`{html_select_date}`](language-function-html-select-date.md) and the
[date tips page](../../appendixes/tips.md#dates).

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# {html_table}
`{html_table}` is a [custom function](index.md) that
dumps an array of data into an HTML `<table>`.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|----------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| loop | Yes | Array of data to loop through |
| cols | No | Number of columns in the table or a comma-separated list of column heading names or an array of column heading names.if the cols-attribute is empty, but rows are given, then the number of cols is computed by the number of rows and the number of elements to display to be just enough cols to display all elements. If both, rows and cols, are omitted cols defaults to 3. if given as a list or array, the number of columns is computed from the number of elements in the list or array. |
| rows | No | Number of rows in the table. if the rows-attribute is empty, but cols are given, then the number of rows is computed by the number of cols and the number of elements to display to be just enough rows to display all elements. |
| inner | No | Direction of consecutive elements in the loop-array to be rendered. *cols* means elements are displayed col-by-col. *rows* means elements are displayed row-by-row. |
| caption | No | Text to be used for the `<caption>` element of the table |
| table\_attr | No | Attributes for `<table>` tag (defaults to 'border="1"') |
| th\_attr | No | Attributes for `<th>` tag (arrays are cycled) |
| tr\_attr | No | attributes for `<tr>` tag (arrays are cycled) |
| td\_attr | No | Attributes for `<td>` tag (arrays are cycled) |
| trailpad | No | Value to pad the trailing cells on last row with (if any) (defaults to '&nbsp;') |
| hdir | No | Direction of each row to be rendered. possible values: *right* (left-to-right), and *left* (right-to-left) (defaults to 'right') |
| vdir | No | Direction of each column to be rendered. possible values: *down* (top-to-bottom), *up* (bottom-to-top) (defaults to 'down') |
- The `cols` attribute determines how many columns will be in the
table.
- The `table_attr`, `tr_attr` and `td_attr` values determine the
attributes given to the `<table>`, `<tr>` and `<td>` tags.
- If `tr_attr` or `td_attr` are arrays, they will be cycled through.
- `trailpad` is the value put into the trailing cells on the last
table row if there are any present.
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign( 'data', array(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) );
$smarty->assign( 'tr', array('bgcolor="#eeeeee"','bgcolor="#dddddd"') );
$smarty->display('index.tpl');
```
The variables assigned from php could be displayed as these three
examples demonstrate. Each example shows the template followed by
output.
** Example 1 **
```smarty
{html_table loop=$data}
```
```html
<table border="1">
<tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>3</td></tr>
<tr><td>4</td><td>5</td><td>6</td></tr>
<tr><td>7</td><td>8</td><td>9</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
```
** Example 2 **
```smarty
{html_table loop=$data cols=4 table_attr='border="0"'}
```
```html
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>4</td></tr>
<tr><td>5</td><td>6</td><td>7</td><td>8</td></tr>
<tr><td>9</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
```
** Example 3 **
```smarty
{html_table loop=$data cols="first,second,third,fourth" tr_attr=$tr}
```
```html
<table border="1">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>first</th><th>second</th><th>third</th><th>fourth</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr bgcolor="#eeeeee"><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>4</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#dddddd"><td>5</td><td>6</td><td>7</td><td>8</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eeeeee"><td>9</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
```

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# {mailto}
`{mailto}` automates the creation of a `mailto:` anchor links and
optionally encodes them. Encoding emails makes it more difficult for web
spiders to lift email addresses off of a site.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|----------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| address | Yes | The e-mail address |
| text | No | The text to display, default is the e-mail address |
| encode | No | How to encode the e-mail. Can be one of `none`, `hex`, `javascript` or `javascript_charcode`. |
| cc | No | Email addresses to carbon copy, separate entries by a comma. |
| bcc | No | Email addresses to blind carbon copy, separate entries by a comma |
| subject | No | Email subject |
| newsgroups | No | Newsgroups to post to, separate entries by a comma. |
| followupto | No | Addresses to follow up to, separate entries by a comma. |
| extra | No | Any extra information you want passed to the link, such as style sheet classes |
> **Note**
>
> Javascript is probably the most thorough form of encoding, although
> you can use hex encoding too.
## Examples
```smarty
{mailto address="me@example.com"}
<a href="mailto:me@example.com" >me@example.com</a>
{mailto address="me@example.com" text="send me some mail"}
<a href="mailto:me@example.com" >send me some mail</a>
{mailto address="me@example.com" encode="javascript"}
<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">
eval(unescape('%64%6f% ... snipped ...%61%3e%27%29%3b'))
</script>
{mailto address="me@example.com" encode="hex"}
<a href="mailto:%6d%65.. snipped..3%6f%6d">&#x6d;&..snipped...#x6f;&#x6d;</a>
{mailto address="me@example.com" subject="Hello to you!"}
<a href="mailto:me@example.com?subject=Hello%20to%20you%21" >me@example.com</a>
{mailto address="me@example.com" cc="you@example.com,they@example.com"}
<a href="mailto:me@example.com?cc=you@example.com,they@example.com" >me@example.com</a>
{mailto address="me@example.com" extra='class="email"'}
<a href="mailto:me@example.com" class="email">me@example.com</a>
{mailto address="me@example.com" encode="javascript_charcode"}
<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">
{document.write(String.fromCharCode(60,97, ... snipped ....60,47,97,62))}
</script>
```
See also [`escape`](../language-modifiers/language-modifier-escape.md),
[`{textformat}`](../language-custom-functions/language-function-textformat.md) and [obfuscating email
addresses](../../appendixes/tips.md#obfuscating-e-mail-addresses).

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# {math}
`{math}` allows the template designer to do math equations in the
template.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|----------|--------------------------------------------------|
| equation | Yes | The equation to execute |
| format | No | The format of the result (sprintf) |
| var | Yes | Equation variable value |
| assign | No | Template variable the output will be assigned to |
| \[var \...\] | Yes | Equation variable value |
- Any numeric template variables may be used in the equations, and the
result is printed in place of the tag.
- The variables used in the equation are passed as parameters, which
can be template variables or static values.
- +, -, /, \*, abs, ceil, cos, exp, floor, log, log10, max, min, pi,
pow, rand, round, sin, sqrt, srans and tan are all valid operators.
Check the PHP documentation for further information on these
[math](https://www.php.net/eval) functions.
- If you supply the `assign` attribute, the output of the `{math}`
function will be assigned to this template variable instead of being
output to the template.
> **Note**
>
> `{math}` is an expensive function in performance due to its use of the
> php [`eval()`](https://www.php.net/eval) function. Doing the math in PHP
> is much more efficient, so whenever possible do the math calculations
> in the script and [`assign()`](../../programmers/api-functions/api-assign.md) the results to the
> template. Definitely avoid repetitive `{math}` function calls, eg
> within [`{section}`](../language-builtin-functions/language-function-section.md) loops.
## Examples
**Example 1**
```smarty
{* $height=4, $width=5 *}
{math equation="x + y" x=$height y=$width}
```
The above example will output:
```
9
```
**Example 2**
```smarty
{* $row_height = 10, $row_width = 20, #col_div# = 2, assigned in template *}
{math equation="height * width / division"
height=$row_height
width=$row_width
division=#col_div#}
```
The above example will output:
```
100
```
**Example 3**
```smarty
{* you can use parenthesis *}
{math equation="(( x + y ) / z )" x=2 y=10 z=2}
```
The above example will output:
```
6
```
**Example 4**
```smarty
{* you can supply a format parameter in sprintf format *}
{math equation="x + y" x=4.4444 y=5.0000 format="%.2f"}
```
The above example will output:
```
9.44
```

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# {textformat}
`{textformat}` is a [block function](../../programmers/plugins/plugins-block-functions.md) used to
format text. It basically cleans up spaces and special characters, and
formats paragraphs by wrapping at a boundary and indenting lines.
You can set the parameters explicitly, or use a preset style. Currently,
"email" is the only available style.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Default | Description |
|----------------|------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| style | *n/a* | Preset style |
| indent | *0* | The number of chars to indent every line |
| indent\_first | *0* | The number of chars to indent the first line |
| indent\_char | *(single space)* | The character (or string of chars) to indent with |
| wrap | *80* | How many characters to wrap each line to |
| wrap\_char | *\\n* | The character (or string of chars) to break each line with |
| wrap\_cut | *FALSE* | If TRUE, wrap will break the line at the exact character instead of at a word boundary |
| assign | *n/a* | The template variable the output will be assigned to |
## Examples
```smarty
{textformat wrap=40}
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is bar.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
{/textformat}
```
The above example will output:
```
This is foo. This is foo. This is foo.
This is foo. This is foo. This is foo.
This is bar.
bar foo bar foo foo. bar foo bar foo
foo. bar foo bar foo foo. bar foo bar
foo foo. bar foo bar foo foo. bar foo
bar foo foo. bar foo bar foo foo.
```
```smarty
{textformat wrap=40 indent=4}
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is bar.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
{/textformat}
```
The above example will output:
```
This is foo. This is foo. This is
foo. This is foo. This is foo. This
is foo.
This is bar.
bar foo bar foo foo. bar foo bar foo
foo. bar foo bar foo foo. bar foo
bar foo foo. bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo. bar foo bar
foo foo.
```
```smarty
{textformat wrap=40 indent=4 indent_first=4}
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is bar.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
{/textformat}
```
The above example will output:
```
This is foo. This is foo. This
is foo. This is foo. This is foo.
This is foo.
This is bar.
bar foo bar foo foo. bar foo bar
foo foo. bar foo bar foo foo. bar
foo bar foo foo. bar foo bar foo
foo. bar foo bar foo foo. bar foo
bar foo foo.
```
```smarty
{textformat style="email"}
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is bar.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
{/textformat}
```
The above example will output:
```
This is foo. This is foo. This is foo. This is foo. This is foo. This is
foo.
This is bar.
bar foo bar foo foo. bar foo bar foo foo. bar foo bar foo foo. bar foo
bar foo foo. bar foo bar foo foo. bar foo bar foo foo. bar foo bar foo
foo.
```
See also [`{strip}`](../language-builtin-functions/language-function-strip.md) and
[`wordwrap`](../language-modifiers/language-modifier-wordwrap.md).

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# Variable Modifiers
Variable modifiers can be applied to
[variables](../language-variables/index.md), [custom functions](../language-custom-functions/index.md)
or strings. To apply a modifier,
specify the value followed by a `|` (pipe) and the modifier name. A
modifier may accept additional parameters that affect its behavior.
These parameters follow the modifier name and are separated by a `:`
(colon). Also, *all php-functions can be used as modifiers implicitly*
(more below) and modifiers can be
[combined](../language-combining-modifiers.md).
- [capitalize](language-modifier-capitalize.md)
- [cat](language-modifier-cat.md)
- [count_characters](language-modifier-count-characters.md)
- [count_paragraphs](language-modifier-count-paragraphs.md)
- [count_sentences](language-modifier-count-sentences.md)
- [count_words](language-modifier-count-words.md)
- [date_format](language-modifier-date-format.md)
- [default](language-modifier-default.md)
- [escape](language-modifier-escape.md)
- [from_charset](language-modifier-from-charset.md)
- [indent](language-modifier-indent.md)
- [lower](language-modifier-lower.md)
- [nl2br](language-modifier-nl2br.md)
- [regex_replace](language-modifier-regex-replace.md)
- [replace](language-modifier-replace.md)
- [spacify](language-modifier-spacify.md)
- [string_format](language-modifier-string-format.md)
- [strip](language-modifier-strip.md)
- [strip_tags](language-modifier-strip-tags.md)
- [to_charset](language-modifier-to-charset.md)
- [truncate](language-modifier-truncate.md)
- [unescape](language-modifier-unescape.md)
- [upper](language-modifier-upper.md)
- [wordwrap](language-modifier-wordwrap.md)
## Examples
```smarty
{* apply modifier to a variable *}
{$title|upper}
{* modifier with parameters *}
{$title|truncate:40:"..."}
{* apply modifier to a function parameter *}
{html_table loop=$myvar|upper}
{* with parameters *}
{html_table loop=$myvar|truncate:40:"..."}
{* apply modifier to literal string *}
{"foobar"|upper}
{* using date_format to format the current date *}
{$smarty.now|date_format:"%Y/%m/%d"}
{* apply modifier to a custom function *}
{mailto|upper address="smarty@example.com"}
{* using php's str_repeat *}
{"="|str_repeat:80}
{* php's count *}
{$myArray|@count}
{* this will uppercase and truncate the whole array *}
<select name="name_id">
{html_options output=$my_array|upper|truncate:20}
</select>
```
- Modifiers can be applied to any type of variables, including arrays
and objects.
> **Note**
>
> The default behavior was changed with Smarty 3. In Smarty 2.x, you
> had to use an "`@`" symbol to apply a modifier to an array, such
> as `{$articleTitle|@count}`. With Smarty 3, the "`@`" is no
> longer necessary, and is ignored.
>
> If you want a modifier to apply to each individual item of an
> array, you will either need to loop the array in the template, or
> provide for this functionality inside your modifier function.
> **Note**
>
> Second, in Smarty 2.x, modifiers were applied to the result of
> math expressions like `{8+2}`, meaning that
> `{8+2|count_characters}` would give `2`, as 8+2=10 and 10 is two
> characters long. With Smarty 3, modifiers are applied to the
> variables or atomic expressions before executing the calculations,
> so since 2 is one character long, `{8+2|count_characters}`
> gives 9. To get the old result use parentheses like
> `{(8+2)|count_characters}`.
- Modifiers are autoloaded from the
[`$plugins_dir`](../../programmers/api-variables/variable-plugins-dir.md) or can be registered
explicitly with the [`registerPlugin()`](../../programmers/api-functions/api-register-plugin.md)
function. The later is useful for sharing a function between php
scripts and smarty templates.
- All php-functions can be used as modifiers implicitly, as
demonstrated in the example above. However, using php-functions as
modifiers has two little pitfalls:
- First - sometimes the order of the function-parameters is not
the desirable one. Formatting `$foo` with
`{"%2.f"|sprintf:$foo}` actually works, but asks for the more
intuitive, like `{$foo|string_format:"%2.f"}` that is provided
by the Smarty distribution.
- Secondly - if security is enabled, all php-functions that are to
be used as modifiers have to be declared trusted in the
`$modifiers` property of the security policy. See the
[Security](../../programmers/advanced-features/advanced-features-security.md) section for details.
See also [`registerPlugin()`](../../programmers/api-functions/api-register-plugin.md), [combining
modifiers](../language-combining-modifiers.md). and [extending smarty with
plugins](../../programmers/plugins.md)

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# capitalize
This is used to capitalize the first letter of all words in a variable.
This is similar to the PHP [`ucwords()`](https://www.php.net/ucwords)
function.
## Basic usage
```smarty
{$myVar|capitalize}
```
## Parameters
| Parameter | Type | Required | Description |
|-----------|---------|----------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | boolean | No | This determines whether or not words with digits will be uppercased |
| 2 | boolean | No | This determines whether or not Capital letters within words should be lowercased, e.g. "aAa" to "Aaa" |
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('articleTitle', 'next x-men film, x3, delayed.');
```
Where the template is:
```smarty
{$articleTitle}
{$articleTitle|capitalize}
{$articleTitle|capitalize:true}
```
Will output:
```
next x-men film, x3, delayed.
Next X-Men Film, x3, Delayed.
Next X-Men Film, X3, Delayed.
```
See also [`lower`](language-modifier-lower.md) and
[`upper`](language-modifier-upper.md)

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# cat
This value is concatenated to the given variable.
## Basic usage
```smarty
{$myVar|cat:' units'}
```
## Parameters
| Parameter | Type | Required | Description |
|-----------|--------|----------|--------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | string | No | This value to concatenate to the given variable. |
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('articleTitle', "Psychics predict world didn't end");
```
Where template is:
```smarty
{$articleTitle|cat:' yesterday.'}
```
Will output:
```
Psychics predict world didn't end yesterday.
```

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# count_characters
This is used to count the number of characters in a variable.
## Basic usage
```smarty
{$myVar|count_characters}
```
## Parameters
| Parameter | Type | Required | Description |
|-----------|---------|----------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | boolean | No | This determines whether to include whitespace characters in the count. |
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('articleTitle', 'Cold Wave Linked to Temperatures.');
```
Where template is:
```smarty
{$articleTitle}
{$articleTitle|count_characters}
{$articleTitle|count_characters:true}
```
Will output:
```
Cold Wave Linked to Temperatures.
29
33
```
See also [`count_words`](language-modifier-count-words.md),
[`count_sentences`](language-modifier-count-sentences.md) and
[`count_paragraphs`](language-modifier-count-paragraphs.md).

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# count_paragraphs
This is used to count the number of paragraphs in a variable.
## Basic usage
```smarty
{$myVar|count_paragraphs}
```
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('articleTitle',
"War Dims Hope for Peace. Child's Death Ruins Couple's Holiday.\n\n
Man is Fatally Slain. Death Causes Loneliness, Feeling of Isolation."
);
```
Where template is:
```smarty
{$articleTitle}
{$articleTitle|count_paragraphs}
```
Will output:
```
War Dims Hope for Peace. Child's Death Ruins Couple's Holiday.
Man is Fatally Slain. Death Causes Loneliness, Feeling of Isolation.
2
```
See also [`count_characters`](language-modifier-count-characters.md),
[`count_sentences`](language-modifier-count-sentences.md) and
[`count_words`](language-modifier-count-words.md).

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# count_sentences
This is used to count the number of sentences in a variable. A sentence
being delimited by a dot, question- or exclamation-mark (.?!).
## Basic usage
```smarty
{$myVar|count_sentences}
```
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('articleTitle',
'Two Soviet Ships Collide - One Dies.
Enraged Cow Injures Farmer with Axe.'
);
```
Where template is:
```smarty
{$articleTitle}
{$articleTitle|count_sentences}
```
Will output:
```
Two Soviet Ships Collide - One Dies. Enraged Cow Injures Farmer with Axe.
2
```
See also [`count_characters`](language-modifier-count-characters.md),
[`count_paragraphs`](language-modifier-count-paragraphs.md) and
[`count_words`](language-modifier-count-words.md).

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# count_words
This is used to count the number of words in a variable.
## Basic usage
```smarty
{$myVar|count_words}
```
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('articleTitle', 'Dealers Will Hear Car Talk at Noon.');
```
Where template is:
```smarty
{$articleTitle}
{$articleTitle|count_words}
```
This will output:
```
Dealers Will Hear Car Talk at Noon.
7
```
See also [`count_characters`](language-modifier-count-characters.md),
[`count_paragraphs`](language-modifier-count-paragraphs.md) and
[`count_sentences`](language-modifier-count-sentences.md).

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# date_format
This formats a date and time into the given
[`strftime()`](https://www.php.net/strftime) format. Dates can be passed to
Smarty as unix [timestamps](https://www.php.net/function.time), [DateTime
objects](https://www.php.net/class.DateTime), mysql timestamps or any string
made up of month day year, parsable by php\'s
[`strtotime()`](https://www.php.net/strtotime). Designers can then use
`date_format` to have complete control of the formatting of the date. If
the date passed to `date_format` is empty and a second parameter is
passed, that will be used as the date to format.
## Basic usage
```smarty
{$myVar|date_format:"%Y-%m-%d"}
```
## Parameters
| Parameter Position | Type | Required | Default | Description |
|--------------------|--------|----------|-----------|-------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | string | No | %b %e, %Y | This is the format for the outputted date. |
| 2 | string | No | n/a | This is the default date if the input is empty. |
> **Note**
>
> Since Smarty-2.6.10 numeric values passed to `date_format` are
> *always* (except for mysql timestamps, see below) interpreted as a
> unix timestamp.
>
> Before Smarty-2.6.10 numeric strings that where also parsable by
> `strtotime()` in php (like `YYYYMMDD`) where sometimes (depending on
> the underlying implementation of `strtotime()`) interpreted as date
> strings and NOT as timestamps.
>
> The only exception are mysql timestamps: They are also numeric only
> and 14 characters long (`YYYYMMDDHHMMSS`), mysql timestamps have
> precedence over unix timestamps.
> **Note**
>
> `date_format` is essentially a wrapper to PHP's
> [`strftime()`](https://www.php.net/strftime) function. You may have more
> or less conversion specifiers available depending on your system's
> [`strftime()`](https://www.php.net/strftime) function where PHP was
> compiled. Check your system\'s manpage for a full list of valid
> specifiers. However, a few of the specifiers are emulated on Windows.
> These are: %D, %e, %h, %l, %n, %r, %R, %t, %T.
## Examples
```php
<?php
$config['date'] = '%I:%M %p';
$config['time'] = '%H:%M:%S';
$smarty->assign('config', $config);
$smarty->assign('yesterday', strtotime('-1 day'));
```
This template uses [`$smarty.now`](../language-variables/language-variables-smarty.md#smartynow-languagevariablessmartynow) to
get the current time:
```smarty
{$smarty.now|date_format}
{$smarty.now|date_format:"%D"}
{$smarty.now|date_format:$config.date}
{$yesterday|date_format}
{$yesterday|date_format:"%A, %B %e, %Y"}
{$yesterday|date_format:$config.time}
```
This above will output:
```
Jan 1, 2022
01/01/22
02:33 pm
Dec 31, 2021
Monday, December 1, 2021
14:33:00
```
## Conversion specifiers
`date_format` conversion specifiers:
- %a - abbreviated weekday name according to the current locale
- %A - full weekday name according to the current locale
- %b - abbreviated month name according to the current locale
- %B - full month name according to the current locale
- %c - preferred date and time representation for the current locale
- %C - century number (the year divided by 100 and truncated to an
integer, range 00 to 99)
- %d - day of the month as a decimal number (range 01 to 31)
- %D - same as %m/%d/%y
- %e - day of the month as a decimal number, a single digit is
preceded by a space (range 1 to 31)
- %g - Week-based year within century \[00,99\]
- %G - Week-based year, including the century \[0000,9999\]
- %h - same as %b
- %H - hour as a decimal number using a 24-hour clock (range 00
to 23)
- %I - hour as a decimal number using a 12-hour clock (range 01
to 12)
- %j - day of the year as a decimal number (range 001 to 366)
- %k - Hour (24-hour clock) single digits are preceded by a blank.
(range 0 to 23)
- %l - hour as a decimal number using a 12-hour clock, single digits
preceded by a space (range 1 to 12)
- %m - month as a decimal number (range 01 to 12)
- %M - minute as a decimal number
- %n - newline character
- %p - either 'am' or 'pm' according to the given time value, or
the corresponding strings for the current locale
- %r - time in a.m. and p.m. notation
- %R - time in 24 hour notation
- %S - second as a decimal number
- %t - tab character
- %T - current time, equal to %H:%M:%S
- %u - weekday as a decimal number \[1,7\], with 1 representing
Monday
- %U - week number of the current year as a decimal number, starting
with the first Sunday as the first day of the first week
- %V - The ISO 8601:1988 week number of the current year as a decimal
number, range 01 to 53, where week 1 is the first week that has at
least 4 days in the current year, and with Monday as the first day
of the week.
- %w - day of the week as a decimal, Sunday being 0
- %W - week number of the current year as a decimal number, starting
with the first Monday as the first day of the first week
- %x - preferred date representation for the current locale without
the time
- %X - preferred time representation for the current locale without
the date
- %y - year as a decimal number without a century (range 00 to 99)
- %Y - year as a decimal number including the century
- %Z - time zone or name or abbreviation
- %% - a literal '%' character
See also [`$smarty.now`](../language-variables/language-variables-smarty.md#smartynow-languagevariablessmartynow),
[`strftime()`](https://www.php.net/strftime),
[`{html_select_date}`](../language-custom-functions/language-function-html-select-date.md) and the
[date tips](../../appendixes/tips.md#dates) page.

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# default
This is used to set a default value for a variable. If the variable is
unset or an empty string, the given default value is printed instead.
Default takes the one argument.
## Basic usage
```smarty
{$myVar|default:"(none)"}
```
## Parameters
| Parameter | Type | Required | Default | Description |
|-----------|--------|----------|---------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | string | No | *empty* | This is the default value to output if the variable is empty. |
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('articleTitle', 'Dealers Will Hear Car Talk at Noon.');
$smarty->assign('email', '');
```
Where template is:
```smarty
{$articleTitle|default:'no title'}
{$myTitle|default:'no title'}
{$email|default:'No email address available'}
```
Will output:
```
Dealers Will Hear Car Talk at Noon.
no title
No email address available
```
See also the [default variable handling](../../appendixes/tips.md#default-variable-handling) and
the [blank variable handling](../../appendixes/tips.md#blank-variable-handling) pages.

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# escape
`escape` is used to encode or escape a variable to `html`, `url`,
`single quotes`, `hex`, `hexentity`, `javascript` and `mail`. By default
its `html`.
## Basic usage
```smarty
{$myVar|escape}
```
## Parameters
| Parameter Position | Type | Required | Possible Values | Default | Description |
|--------------------|---------|----------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | string | No | `html`, `htmlall`, `url`, `urlpathinfo`, `quotes`, `hex`, `hexentity`, `javascript`, `mail` | `html` | This is the escape format to use. |
| 2 | string | No | `ISO-8859-1`, `UTF-8`, and any character set supported by [`htmlentities()`](https://www.php.net/htmlentities) | `UTF-8` | The character set encoding passed to htmlentities() et. al. |
| 3 | boolean | No | FALSE | TRUE | Double encode entities from &amp; to &amp;amp; (applies to `html` and `htmlall` only) |
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('articleTitle',
"'Stiff Opposition Expected to Casketless Funeral Plan'"
);
$smarty->assign('EmailAddress','smarty@example.com');
```
These are example `escape` template lines followed by the output
```smarty
{$articleTitle}
'Stiff Opposition Expected to Casketless Funeral Plan'
{$articleTitle|escape}
&#039;Stiff Opposition Expected to Casketless Funeral Plan&#039;
{$articleTitle|escape:'html'} {* escapes & " ' < > *}
&#039;Stiff Opposition Expected to Casketless Funeral Plan&#039;
{$articleTitle|escape:'htmlall'} {* escapes ALL html entities *}
&#039;Stiff Opposition Expected to Casketless Funeral Plan&#039;
<a href="?title={$articleTitle|escape:'url'}">click here</a>
<a
href="?title=%27Stiff%20Opposition%20Expected%20to%20Casketless%20Funeral%20Plan%27">click here</a>
{$articleTitle|escape:'quotes'}
\'Stiff Opposition Expected to Casketless Funeral Plan\'
<a href="mailto:{$EmailAddress|escape:"hex"}">{$EmailAddress|escape:"hexentity"}</a>
{$EmailAddress|escape:'mail'} {* this converts to email to text *}
<a href="mailto:%62%6f%..snip..%65%74">&#x62;&#x6f;&#x62..snip..&#x65;&#x74;</a>
{'mail@example.com'|escape:'mail'}
smarty [AT] example [DOT] com
{* the "rewind" parameter registers the current location *}
<a href="$my_path?page=foo&rewind={$my_uri|escape:url}">click here</a>
```
This snippet is useful for emails, but see also
[`{mailto}`](../language-custom-functions/language-function-mailto.md)
```smarty
{* email address mangled *}
<a href="mailto:{$EmailAddress|escape:'hex'}">{$EmailAddress|escape:'mail'}</a>
```
See also [escaping smarty parsing](../language-basic-syntax/language-escaping.md),
[`{mailto}`](../language-custom-functions/language-function-mailto.md) and the [obfuscating email
addresses](../../appendixes/tips.md#obfuscating-e-mail-addresses) page.

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# from_charset
`from_charset` is used to transcode a string from a given charset to the
internal charset. This is the exact opposite of the [to_charset
modifier](language-modifier-to-charset.md).
## Parameters
| Parameter Position | Type | Required | Possible Values | Default | Description |
|--------------------|--------|----------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | string | No | `ISO-8859-1`, `UTF-8`, and any character set supported by [`mb_convert_encoding()`](https://www.php.net/mb_convert_encoding) | `ISO-8859-1` | The charset encoding the value is supposed to be decoded from |
> **Note**
>
> Charset encoding should be handled by the application itself. This
> modifier should only be used in cases where the application cannot
> anticipate that a certain string is required in another encoding.
See also [Charset Encoding](../../programmers/charset.md), [to_charset
modifier](language-modifier-to-charset.md).

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# indent
This indents a string on each line, default is 4. As an optional
parameter, you can specify the number of characters to indent. As an
optional second parameter, you can specify the character to use to
indent with. For example: use `"\t"` for a tab.
## Basic usage
```smarty
{$myVar|indent:4}
```
## Parameters
| Parameter Position | Type | Required | Default | Description |
|--------------------|---------|----------|-------------|---------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | integer | No | 4 | This determines how many characters to indent to. |
| 2 | string | No | (one space) | This is the character used to indent with. |
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('articleTitle',
'NJ judge to rule on nude beach.
Sun or rain expected today, dark tonight.
Statistics show that teen pregnancy drops off significantly after 25.'
);
```
Where template is:
```smarty
{$articleTitle}
{$articleTitle|indent}
{$articleTitle|indent:10}
{$articleTitle|indent:1:"\t"}
```
Will output:
```
NJ judge to rule on nude beach.
Sun or rain expected today, dark tonight.
Statistics show that teen pregnancy drops off significantly after 25.
NJ judge to rule on nude beach.
Sun or rain expected today, dark tonight.
Statistics show that teen pregnancy drops off significantly after 25.
NJ judge to rule on nude beach.
Sun or rain expected today, dark tonight.
Statistics show that teen pregnancy drops off significantly after 25.
NJ judge to rule on nude beach.
Sun or rain expected today, dark tonight.
Statistics show that teen pregnancy drops off significantly after 25.
```
See also [`strip`](language-modifier-strip.md),
[`wordwrap`](language-modifier-wordwrap.md) and
[`spacify`](language-modifier-spacify.md).

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# lower
This is used to lowercase a variable. This is equivalent to the PHP
[`strtolower()`](https://www.php.net/strtolower) function.
## Basic usage
```smarty
{$myVar|lower}
```
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('articleTitle', 'Two Convicts Evade Noose, Jury Hung.');
```
Where template is:
```smarty
{$articleTitle}
{$articleTitle|lower}
```
This will output:
```
Two Convicts Evade Noose, Jury Hung.
two convicts evade noose, jury hung.
```
See also [`upper`](language-modifier-upper.md) and
[`capitalize`](language-modifier-capitalize.md).

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# nl2br
All `"\n"` line breaks will be converted to html `<br />` tags in the
given variable. This is equivalent to the PHP\'s
[`nl2br()`](https://www.php.net/nl2br) function.
## Basic usage
```smarty
{$myVar|nl2br}
```
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('articleTitle',
"Sun or rain expected\ntoday, dark tonight"
);
```
Where the template is:
```smarty
{$articleTitle|nl2br}
```
Will output:
```
Sun or rain expected<br />today, dark tonight
```
See also [`word_wrap`](language-modifier-wordwrap.md),
[`count_paragraphs`](language-modifier-count-paragraphs.md) and
[`count_sentences`](language-modifier-count-sentences.md).

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# regex_replace
A regular expression search and replace on a variable. Use the
[`preg_replace()`](https://www.php.net/preg_replace) syntax from the PHP
manual.
## Basic usage
```smarty
{$myVar|regex_replace:"/foo/":"bar"}
```
> **Note**
>
> Although Smarty supplies this regex convenience modifier, it is
> usually better to apply regular expressions in PHP, either via custom
> functions or modifiers. Regular expressions are considered application
> code and are not part of presentation logic.
## Parameters
| Parameter Position | Type | Required | Description |
|--------------------|--------|----------|------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | string | Yes | This is the regular expression to be replaced. |
| 2 | string | Yes | This is the string of text to replace with. |
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('articleTitle', "Infertility unlikely to\nbe passed on, experts say.");
```
Where template is:
```smarty
{* replace each carriage return, tab and new line with a space *}
{$articleTitle}
{$articleTitle|regex_replace:"/[\r\t\n]/":" "}
```
Will output:
```
Infertility unlikely to
be passed on, experts say.
Infertility unlikely to be passed on, experts say.
```
See also [`replace`](language-modifier-replace.md) and
[`escape`](language-modifier-escape.md).

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# replace
A simple search and replace on a variable. This is equivalent to the
PHP's [`str_replace()`](https://www.php.net/str_replace) function.
## Basic usage
```smarty
{$myVar|replace:"foo":"bar"}
```
## Parameters
| Parameter Position | Type | Required | Description |
|--------------------|--------|----------|---------------------------------------------|
| 1 | string | Yes | This is the string of text to be replaced. |
| 2 | string | Yes | This is the string of text to replace with. |
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('articleTitle', "Child's Stool Great for Use in Garden.");
```
Where template is:
```smarty
{$articleTitle}
{$articleTitle|replace:'Garden':'Vineyard'}
{$articleTitle|replace:' ':' '}
```
Will output:
```
Child's Stool Great for Use in Garden.
Child's Stool Great for Use in Vineyard.
Child's Stool Great for Use in Garden.
```
See also [`regex_replace`](language-modifier-regex-replace.md) and
[`escape`](language-modifier-escape.md).

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# spacify
`spacify` is a way to insert a space between every character of a
variable. You can optionally pass a different character or string to
insert.
## Basic usage
```smarty
{$myVar|spacify}
```
## Parameters
| Parameter Position | Type | Required | Default | Description |
|--------------------|--------|----------|-------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | string | No | *one space* | This what gets inserted between each character of the variable. |
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('articleTitle', 'Something Went Wrong in Jet Crash, Experts Say.');
```
Where template is:
```smarty
{$articleTitle}
{$articleTitle|spacify}
{$articleTitle|spacify:"^^"}
```
Will output:
```
Something Went Wrong in Jet Crash, Experts Say.
S o m e t h i n g W .... snip .... s h , E x p e r t s S a y .
S^^o^^m^^e^^t^^h^^i^^n^^g^^ .... snip .... ^^e^^r^^t^^s^^ ^^S^^a^^y^^.
```
See also [`wordwrap`](language-modifier-wordwrap.md) and
[`nl2br`](language-modifier-nl2br.md).

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# string_format
This is a way to format strings, such as decimal numbers and such. Use
the syntax for [`sprintf()`](https://www.php.net/sprintf) for the
formatting.
## Basic usage
```smarty
{$myVar|string_format:"%d"}
```
## Parameters
| Parameter Position | Type | Required | Description |
|--------------------|--------|----------|---------------------------------------|
| 1 | string | Yes | This is what format to use. (sprintf) |
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('number', 23.5787446);
```
Where template is:
```smarty
{$number}
{$number|string_format:"%.2f"}
{$number|string_format:"%d"}
```
Will output:
```
23.5787446
23.58
23
```
See also [`date_format`](language-modifier-date-format.md).

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# strip_tags
This strips out HTML markup tags, basically anything between `<` and `>`.
## Basic usage
```smarty
{$myVar|strip_tags}
```
## Parameters
| Parameter Position | Type | Required | Default | Description |
|--------------------|------|----------|---------|------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | bool | No | TRUE | This determines whether the tags are replaced by ' ' or '' |
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('articleTitle',
"Blind Woman Gets <font face=\"helvetica\">New
Kidney</font> from Dad she Hasn't Seen in <b>years</b>."
);
```
Where template is:
```smarty
{$articleTitle}
{$articleTitle|strip_tags} {* same as {$articleTitle|strip_tags:true} *}
{$articleTitle|strip_tags:false}
```
Will output:
```html
Blind Woman Gets <font face="helvetica">New Kidney</font> from Dad she Hasn't Seen in <b>years</b>.
Blind Woman Gets New Kidney from Dad she Hasn't Seen in years .
Blind Woman Gets New Kidney from Dad she Hasn't Seen in years.
```
See also [`replace`](language-modifier-replace.md) and
[`regex_replace`](language-modifier-regex-replace.md).

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# strip
This replaces all spaces, newlines and tabs with a single space, or with
the supplied string.
## Basic usage
```smarty
{$myVar|strip}
```
> **Note**
>
> If you want to strip blocks of template text, use the built-in
> [`{strip}`](../language-builtin-functions/language-function-strip.md) function.
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('articleTitle', "Grandmother of\neight makes\t hole in one.");
$smarty->display('index.tpl');
```
Where template is:
```smarty
{$articleTitle}
{$articleTitle|strip}
{$articleTitle|strip:'&nbsp;'}
```
Will output:
```html
Grandmother of
eight makes hole in one.
Grandmother of eight makes hole in one.
Grandmother&nbsp;of&nbsp;eight&nbsp;makes&nbsp;hole&nbsp;in&nbsp;one.
```
See also [`{strip}`](../language-builtin-functions/language-function-strip.md) and
[`truncate`](language-modifier-truncate.md).

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# to_charset
`to_charset` is used to transcode a string from the internal charset to
a given charset. This is the exact opposite of the [from_charset
modifier](#language.modifier.from_charset).
## Parameters
| Parameter Position | Type | Required | Possible Values | Default | Description |
|--------------------|--------|----------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | string | No | `ISO-8859-1`, `UTF-8`, and any character set supported by [`mb_convert_encoding()`](https://www.php.net/mb_convert_encoding) | `ISO-8859-1` | The charset encoding the value is supposed to be encoded to |
> **Note**
>
> Charset encoding should be handled by the application itself. This
> modifier should only be used in cases where the application cannot
> anticipate that a certain string is required in another encoding.
See also [Charset Encoding](../../programmers/charset.md), [from_charset
modifier](language-modifier-from-charset.md).

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# truncate
This truncates a variable to a character length, the default is 80. As
an optional second parameter, you can specify a string of text to
display at the end if the variable was truncated. The characters in the
string are included with the original truncation length. By default,
`truncate` will attempt to cut off at a word boundary. If you want to
cut off at the exact character length, pass the optional third parameter
of TRUE.
## Basic usage
```smarty
{$myVar|truncate:40:"..."}
```
## Parameters
| Parameter Position | Type | Required | Default | Description |
|--------------------|---------|----------|---------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | integer | No | 80 | This determines how many characters to truncate to. |
| 2 | string | No | \... | This is a text string that replaces the truncated text. Its length is included in the truncation length setting. |
| 3 | boolean | No | FALSE | This determines whether or not to truncate at a word boundary with FALSE, or at the exact character with TRUE. |
| 4 | boolean | No | FALSE | This determines whether the truncation happens at the end of the string with FALSE, or in the middle of the string with TRUE. Note that if this setting is TRUE, then word boundaries are ignored. |
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('articleTitle', 'Two Sisters Reunite after Eighteen Years at Checkout Counter.');
```
where template is:
```smarty
{$articleTitle}
{$articleTitle|truncate}
{$articleTitle|truncate:30}
{$articleTitle|truncate:30:""}
{$articleTitle|truncate:30:"---"}
{$articleTitle|truncate:30:"":true}
{$articleTitle|truncate:30:"...":true}
{$articleTitle|truncate:30:'..':true:true}
```
This will output:
```
Two Sisters Reunite after Eighteen Years at Checkout Counter.
Two Sisters Reunite after Eighteen Years at Checkout Counter.
Two Sisters Reunite after...
Two Sisters Reunite after
Two Sisters Reunite after---
Two Sisters Reunite after Eigh
Two Sisters Reunite after E...
Two Sisters Re..ckout Counter.
```

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# unescape
`unescape` is used to decode `entity`, `html` and `htmlall`. It counters
the effects of the [escape modifier](language-modifier-escape.md) for the
given types.
## Basic usage
```smarty
{$myVar|unescape}
```
## Parameters
| Parameter Position | Type | Required | Possible Values | Default | Description |
|--------------------|--------|----------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | string | No | `html`, `htmlall`, `entity`, | `html` | This is the escape format to use. |
| 2 | string | No | `ISO-8859-1`, `UTF-8`, and any character set supported by [`htmlentities()`](https://www.php.net/htmlentities) | `UTF-8` | The character set encoding passed to html\_entity\_decode() or htmlspecialchars\_decode() or mb\_convert\_encoding() et. al. |
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('articleTitle',
"Germans use &quot;&Uuml;mlauts&quot; and pay in &euro;uro"
);
```
These are example `unescape` template lines followed by the output
```smarty
{$articleTitle}
Germans use &quot;&Uuml;mlauts&quot; and pay in &euro;uro
{$articleTitle|unescape:"html"}
Germans use "&Uuml;mlauts" and pay in &euro;uro
{$articleTitle|unescape:"htmlall"}
Germans use "Ümlauts" and pay in €uro
```
See also [escaping smarty parsing](../language-basic-syntax/language-escaping.md), [escape
modifier](language-modifier-escape.md).

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# upper
This is used to uppercase a variable. This is equivalent to the PHP
[`strtoupper()`](https://www.php.net/strtoupper) function.
## Basic usage
```smarty
{$myVar|upper}
```
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('articleTitle', "If Strike isn't Settled Quickly it may Last a While.");
```
Where template is:
```smarty
{$articleTitle}
{$articleTitle|upper}
```
Will output:
```
If Strike isn't Settled Quickly it may Last a While.
IF STRIKE ISN'T SETTLED QUICKLY IT MAY LAST A WHILE.
```
See also [`lower`](lower) and
[`capitalize`](language-modifier-capitalize.md).

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# wordwrap
Wraps a string to a column width, the default is 80. As an optional
second parameter, you can specify a string of text to wrap the text to
the next line, the default is a carriage return `"\n"`. By default,
`wordwrap` will attempt to wrap at a word boundary. If you want to cut
off at the exact character length, pass the optional third parameter as
TRUE. This is equivalent to the PHP
[`wordwrap()`](https://www.php.net/wordwrap) function.
## Basic usage
```smarty
{$myVar|wordwrap:30}
```
## Parameters
| Parameter Position | Type | Required | Default | Description |
|--------------------|---------|----------|---------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | integer | No | 80 | This determines how many columns to wrap to. |
| 2 | string | No | \\n | This is the string used to wrap words with. |
| 3 | boolean | No | FALSE | This determines whether to wrap at a word boundary (FALSE), or at the exact character (TRUE). |
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('articleTitle',
"Blind woman gets new kidney from dad she hasn't seen in years."
);
```
Where template is
```smarty
{$articleTitle}
{$articleTitle|wordwrap:30}
{$articleTitle|wordwrap:20}
{$articleTitle|wordwrap:30:"<br />\n"}
{$articleTitle|wordwrap:26:"\n":true}
```
Will output:
```html
Blind woman gets new kidney from dad she hasn't seen in years.
Blind woman gets new kidney
from dad she hasn't seen in
years.
Blind woman gets new
kidney from dad she
hasn't seen in
years.
Blind woman gets new kidney<br />
from dad she hasn't seen in<br />
years.
Blind woman gets new kidn
ey from dad she hasn't se
en in years.
```
See also [`nl2br`](language-modifier-nl2br.md) and
[`{textformat}`](../language-custom-functions/language-function-textformat.md).

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# Variables
Smarty has several types of variables. The type of the
variable depends on what symbol it is prefixed or enclosed within.
- [Variables assigned from PHP](language-assigned-variables.md)
- [Variables loaded from config files](language-config-variables.md)
- [{$smarty} reserved variable](language-variables-smarty.md)
Variables in Smarty can be either displayed directly or used as
arguments for [functions](../language-basic-syntax/language-syntax-functions.md),
[attributes](../language-basic-syntax/language-syntax-attributes.md) and
[modifiers](../language-modifiers/index.md), inside conditional expressions, etc.
To print a variable, simply enclose it in the
[delimiters](../../programmers/api-variables/variable-left-delimiter.md) so that it is the only thing
contained between them.
```smarty
{$Name}
{$product.part_no} <b>{$product.description}</b>
{$Contacts[row].Phone}
<body bgcolor="{#bgcolor#}">
```
## Scopes
You can assign variables to specific [variable scopes](language-variable-scopes.md).
> **Note**
>
> An easy way to examine assigned Smarty variables is with the
> [debugging console](../chapter-debugging-console.md).

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# Variables assigned from PHP
Variables assigned from PHP are referenced by preceding them with a dollar
(`$`) sign.
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty = new Smarty();
$smarty->assign('firstname', 'Doug');
$smarty->assign('lastname', 'Evans');
$smarty->assign('meetingPlace', 'New York');
$smarty->display('index.tpl');
```
`index.tpl` source:
```smarty
Hello {$firstname} {$lastname}, glad to see you can make it.
<br />
{* this will not work as $variables are case sensitive *}
This weeks meeting is in {$meetingplace}.
{* this will work *}
This weeks meeting is in {$meetingPlace}.
```
This above would output:
```html
Hello Doug Evans, glad to see you can make it.
<br />
This weeks meeting is in .
This weeks meeting is in New York.
```
## Associative arrays
You can also reference associative array variables by specifying the key
after a dot "." symbol.
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('Contacts',
array('fax' => '555-222-9876',
'email' => 'zaphod@slartibartfast.example.com',
'phone' => array('home' => '555-444-3333',
'cell' => '555-111-1234')
)
);
$smarty->display('index.tpl');
```
`index.tpl` source:
```smarty
{$Contacts.fax}<br />
{$Contacts.email}<br />
{* you can print arrays of arrays as well *}
{$Contacts.phone.home}<br />
{$Contacts.phone.cell}<br />
```
this will output:
```html
555-222-9876<br />
zaphod@slartibartfast.example.com<br />
555-444-3333<br />
555-111-1234<br />
```
## Array indexes
You can reference arrays by their index, much like native PHP syntax.
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('Contacts', array(
'555-222-9876',
'zaphod@slartibartfast.example.com',
array('555-444-3333',
'555-111-1234')
));
$smarty->display('index.tpl');
```
`index.tpl` source:
```smarty
{$Contacts[0]}<br />
{$Contacts[1]}<br />
{* you can print arrays of arrays as well *}
{$Contacts[2][0]}<br />
{$Contacts[2][1]}<br />
```
This will output:
```html
555-222-9876<br />
zaphod@slartibartfast.example.com<br />
555-444-3333<br />
555-111-1234<br />
```
## Objects
Properties of [objects](../../programmers/advanced-features/advanced-features-objects.md) assigned from PHP
can be referenced by specifying the property name after the `->` symbol.
```smarty
name: {$person->name}<br />
email: {$person->email}<br />
```
this will output:
```html
name: Zaphod Beeblebrox<br />
email: zaphod@slartibartfast.example.com<br />
```

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# Variables loaded from config files
Variables that are loaded from the [config files](../config-files.md) are
referenced by enclosing them within `#hash_marks#`, or with the smarty
variable [`$smarty.config`](language-variables-smarty.md#smartyconfig-languagevariablessmartyconfig). The
later syntax is useful for embedding into quoted attribute values, or
accessing variable values such as `$smarty.config.$foo`.
## Examples
Example config file - `foo.conf`:
```ini
pageTitle = "This is mine"
bodyBgColor = '#eeeeee'
tableBorderSize = 3
tableBgColor = "#bbbbbb"
rowBgColor = "#cccccc"
```
A template demonstrating the `#hash#` method:
```smarty
{config_load file='foo.conf'}
<html>
<title>{#pageTitle#}</title>
<body bgcolor="{#bodyBgColor#}">
<table border="{#tableBorderSize#}" bgcolor="{#tableBgColor#}">
<tr bgcolor="{#rowBgColor#}">
<td>First</td>
<td>Last</td>
<td>Address</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
```
A template demonstrating the
[`$smarty.config`](language-variables-smarty.md#smartyconfig-languagevariablessmartyconfig) method:
```smarty
{config_load file='foo.conf'}
<html>
<title>{$smarty.config.pageTitle}</title>
<body bgcolor="{$smarty.config.bodyBgColor}">
<table border="{$smarty.config.tableBorderSize}" bgcolor="{$smarty.config.tableBgColor}">
<tr bgcolor="{$smarty.config.rowBgColor}">
<td>First</td>
<td>Last</td>
<td>Address</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
```
Both examples would output:
```html
<html>
<title>This is mine</title>
<body bgcolor="#eeeeee">
<table border="3" bgcolor="#bbbbbb">
<tr bgcolor="#cccccc">
<td>First</td>
<td>Last</td>
<td>Address</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
```
Config file variables cannot be used until after they are loaded in from
a config file. This procedure is explained later in this document under
[`{config_load}`](../language-builtin-functions/language-function-config-load.md).
See also [variables](../language-basic-syntax/language-syntax-variables.md) and [$smarty reserved
variables](language-variables-smarty.md).

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