# {include}
`{include}` tags are used for including other templates in the current
template. Any variables available in the current template are also
available within the included template.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|----------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| file | Yes | The name of the template file to include |
| assign | No | The name of the variable that the output of include will be assigned to |
| cache_lifetime | No | Enable caching of this subtemplate with an individual cache lifetime |
| compile_id | No | Compile this subtemplate with an individual compile_id |
| cache_id | No | Enable caching of this subtemplate with an individual cache_id |
| scope | No | Define the scope of all in the subtemplate assigned variables: 'parent','root' or 'global' |
| \[var \...\] | No | variable to pass local to template |
- The `{include}` tag must have the `file` attribute which contains
the template resource path.
- Setting the optional `assign` attribute specifies the template
variable that the output of `{include}` is assigned to, instead of
being displayed. Similar to [`{assign}`](./language-function-assign.md).
- Variables can be passed to included templates as
[attributes](../language-basic-syntax/language-syntax-attributes.md). Any variables explicitly
passed to an included template are only available within the scope
of the included file. Attribute variables override current template
variables, in the case when they are named the same.
- You can use all variables from the including template inside the
included template. But changes to variables or new created variables
inside the included template have local scope and are not visible
inside the including template after the `{include}` statement. This
default behaviour can be changed for all variables assigned in the
included template by using the scope attribute at the `{include}`
statement or for individual variables by using the scope attribute
at the [`{assign}`](./language-function-assign.md) statement. The later
is useful to return values from the included template to the
including template.
- Use the syntax for [template resources](../../programmers/resources.md) to `{include}`
files outside of the [`$template_dir`](../../programmers/api-variables/variable-template-dir.md)
directory.
## Option Flags
| Name | Description |
|---------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| nocache | Disables caching of this subtemplate |
| caching | Enable caching of this subtemplate |
| inline | If set, merge the compile-code of the subtemplate into the compiled calling template |
## Examples
```smarty
{$title}
{include file='page_header.tpl'}
{* body of template goes here, the $tpl_name variable
is replaced with a value eg 'contact.tpl'
*}
{include file="$tpl_name.tpl"}
{* using shortform file attribute *}
{include 'page_footer.tpl'}
```
```smarty
{include 'links.tpl' title='Newest links' links=$link_array}
{* body of template goes here *}
{include 'footer.tpl' foo='bar'}
```
The template above includes the example `links.tpl` below
```smarty
{$title}{/h3>
{foreach from=$links item=l}
.. do stuff ...
```
Variables assigned in the included template will be seen in the
including template.
```smarty
{include 'sub_template.tpl' scope=parent}
...
{* display variables assigned in sub_template *}
{$foo}
{$bar}
...
```
The template above includes the example `sub_template.tpl` below
```smarty
...
{assign var=foo value='something'}
{assign var=bar value='value'}
...
```
The included template will not be cached.
```smarty
{include 'sub_template.tpl' nocache}
...
```
In this example included template will be cached with an individual
cache lifetime of 500 seconds.
```smarty
{include 'sub_template.tpl' cache_lifetime=500}
...
```
In this example included template will be cached independent of the
global caching setting.
```smarty
{include 'sub_template.tpl' caching}
...
```
This example assigns the contents of `nav.tpl` to the `$navbar`
variable, which is then output at both the top and bottom of the page.
```smarty
{include 'nav.tpl' assign=navbar}
{include 'header.tpl' title='Smarty is cool'}
{$navbar}
{* body of template goes here *}
{$navbar}
{include 'footer.tpl'}
```
This example includes another template relative to the directory of the
current template.
```smarty
{include 'template-in-a-template_dir-directory.tpl'}
{include './template-in-same-directory.tpl'}
{include '../template-in-parent-directory.tpl'}
```
```smarty
{* absolute filepath *}
{include file='/usr/local/include/templates/header.tpl'}
{* absolute filepath (same thing) *}
{include file='file:/usr/local/include/templates/header.tpl'}
{* windows absolute filepath (MUST use "file:" prefix) *}
{include file='file:C:/www/pub/templates/header.tpl'}
{* include from template resource named "db" *}
{include file='db:header.tpl'}
{* include a $variable template - eg $module = 'contacts' *}
{include file="$module.tpl"}
{* wont work as its single quotes ie no variable substitution *}
{include file='$module.tpl'}
{* include a multi $variable template - eg amber/links.view.tpl *}
{include file="$style_dir/$module.$view.tpl"}
```
See also [`{insert}`](./language-function-insert.md), [template resources](../../programmers/resources.md) and
[componentized templates](../../appendixes/tips.md#componentized-templates).